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Chapter 11&13 World Studies Study Guide

Terms in this set (47)

Who was Justinian?
a high ranking Byzantine who succeeded his uncle to the throne of the Eastern Empire in 527.
What was the Hagia Sophia?
It means Holy Wisdom, and it was the name of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople ordered to be built by Justinian. It was also the crowning glory of Justinian's reign.
Describe Justinian's Code.
it was created by a panel of legal experts. It decided legal questions like marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, women's rights, and criminal justice. It survived for over 900 years after Justinian's death
Four component of Justinian's Code
1. The code contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws that were still considered useful for the Byzantine Empire
2. The Digest quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome's greatest legal thinkers about the laws. This massive work ran to a total of 50 volumes.
3. The Institutes was a textbook that told law students how to use the laws.
4. The Novellae (New Laws) presented legislation passed after 534.
Why was Constantinople such an important city?
it was one of the largest and richest urban centers in the Eastern Mediterranean due to Justinian rebuilding it with the most ambitious public building program ever seen in the Roman World, and the trade routes
How did the Byzantine Empire fall apart?
mainly due to the fact that the Byzantine Empire was being attacked by others very often, and the amount of attacks with the strategies that did not last made the empire finally fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Two other factors that added to the cause of the empire falling was the bubonic plague and the death of Justinian
What years did the Middle Ages take place?
500 to 1500
What were the new societies that emerged during the Middle Ages?
the classical heritage of Rome, the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church, and the customs of various Germanic tribes
Describe the breakdown of Rome.
Disruption of Trade: businesses clasped
Downfall of Cities: abandoned
Population: mostly rural
How did the Germanic invaders decrease learning?
they did not know how to read or write, and mostly all the people of Rome lacked education besides priests/church officials
What was a strong tradition that the Germanic tribes had?
song and legends
What did the church try to provide for the Germanic tribes?
order and security
Who were the Franks?
a type of Germanic people who held power in the Roman province of Gaul
What did the Franks accomplish?
they won the battle between them and another Germanic army
What was the purpose of monasteries?
to adapt to rural conditions and monks could devote their lives to serving God
Why were Illuminated Manuscripts created?
so that monks could preserve some part of Rome's intellectual heritage with copies of religious writings that were decorated
Who was Gregory I?
also known as Gregory the Great became pope in 590
What did Gregory I accomplish?
He broadened the authority if the papacy (the pope's office), and he strengthened the vision of Christendom which was a central theme in the Middle Ages that was a spiritual kingdom that is ruled by a pope
What does the term major domo mean?
major of the palace
Who was Charles Martel?
the major of the palace, he even had more power than the king
What did Charles Martel accomplish?
He extended the Franks' reign to the north, south, and east, and he defeated Muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732 (the battle made him a Christian hero)
Who was Pepin the Short?
the son of Charles Martel who gained all the power from his father
What did Pepin the Short accomplish?
He won the fight with the Lombards, and in return was anointed king by the grace of God (that started the Carolingian Dynasty)
What was the Carolingian Dynasty?
the family that ruled the Franks from 751 to 987
Who was Charlemagne?
Pepin the Short's second son who ruled the kingdom in 771 after his brother died
What did Charlemagne accomplish?
He extended Frankish rule by building an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome, fought Muslims in Spain/tribes in other Germanic kingdoms, spread Christianity, reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire, crowned emperor, and encouraged learning
What was the Treaty of Verdun?
a treaty signed by all three brothers (the sons of Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's son) to divide the empire into three kingdoms
What is Feudalism?
a political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty
Why did Feudalism develop?
because of the political turmoil and constant warfare
What is a manor?
a self-sufficient community
Who were the three groups that invaded the Germanic Kingdoms?
Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims
Was social order important throughout the Middle Ages?
Yes
What was the Code of Chivalry?
a code of behavior for nights in medieval Europe, stressing ideal such as courage, loyalty, and devotion
What were tournaments like?
had two armies of knights that charged each other while trumpets blared and lords or ladies cheered
fierce and bloody competitions
Winners could usually demand large ransoms from defeated knights
What was the epic poetry like?
recounted a hero's deeds and adventures. Many epics retold stories about legendary heroes such as King Arthur and Charlemagne. The ones who enjoyed listening to it were lords and their ladies.
Who were troubadours?
traveling poet-musicians at the castles and the courts of Europe
What was the life of the noblewoman like?
mostly confined to activities in the home or convent. They did not have much property from lords because it was usually passed onto fiefs or sons not daughters. At times, they hurled rocks and fired arrows at attackers when needed to defend castles, they could act as military commanders and warriors when their husbands were off at war, and upon their lord's request they could sent his knights to war.
What was the life of the peasant women like?
endless amount of work around the house or sometimes in the fields, while also boring children and taking care of their families
Who was Otto I?
the most effective leader of medieval Germany also known as Otto the Great; he was crowned king in 936
What did Otto I accomplish?
He formed an alliance with the Church to limit the strength of nobles and to build his power by gaining support from the heads of monasteries. He also dominated the Church in Germany and invaded Italy on the pope's behalf.
Who made up the Lombard League?
The pope and the merchants
What were sacraments?
important religious ceremonies administered by priests and other clergy members
What was Canon Law?
the body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church
Who came into power after the Concordat of Worms?
Frederick I
What does the term interdict mean?
many sacrifices and religious services could not be performed in the king's land
Who defeated Frederick I?
The Lombard League
Who was a hero of Otto I?
Charlemagne
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