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Social Thinking

Terms in this set (76)

attributions
judgements about the causes of our own and other peoples behavior and outcomes (personal: infer that peoples characteristics cause their behavior, high consistency) (situational: infer that aspects of the situation cause the behavior, correlates with consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus)
fundamental attribution error
we underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other peoples behaviors
self-serving bias
the tendency to make personal attributions for successes and situational attributions for failures, protect or enhance our self-esteem
primacy effect
refers to our tendency to attach more importance to the initial information that we learn about a person, may shape how we perceive subsequent info
perceptual set
readiness to perceive the world in a particular way, powerfully shapes how we interpret a stimulus
schema
mental framework that help organize and interpret information
stereotype
generalized belief about a group or category of people, can bias the way we perceive other people's behavior
self-fulfilling prophecy
occurs when people's erroneous expectation lead them to act toward others in a way that brings about the expected behaviors, confirming original impression (one's response could be a reaction to your behavior)
attitude
positive or negative evaluation reaction toward a stimulus, define our identity, guide our actions, and influence how we judge people (influence behavior more strongly when situational factors that contradict our attitudes are weak, greater influence on behavior when we are aware of them and when they are strongly held) OUR BEHAVIORS CAN INFLUENCE OUR ATTITUDES
theory of planned behaviors
our intention to engage in a behavior is strongest when we have a positive attitude toward that behavior when subjective norms support our attitudes, and when we believe that the behavior is under control
theory of cognitive dissonance
people strive for consistency in their cognitions (changed attitude about the task to bring it more in line with how they behaved)
counterattitudinal behavior
behavior that is inconsistent with one's attitude, produces dissonance only if we perceive that our actions were freely chosen rather than coerced
self-perception theory
we make inferences about our own attitudes in much the same way: by observing how we behave and infer how you felt to behave
communicator credibility
how believable we perceive the communicator to be, an expert, presenting the truth in an unbiased manner, trustworthy, point of view contrary to their self-interest
central route to persuasion
occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influence because they find the arguments compelling
peripheral route to persuasion
occurs when people do not scrutinize the message but are influenced mostly by other factors such as a speaker's attractiveness or a message's emotional appeal
social norms
shared expectations about how people think, feel, behave (implicit and unspoken)
social role
consists of a set of norms that characterizes how people in a give social positions ought to behave, role conflict can occur when the norms accompanying different roles clash
autokinetic effect
when people state at a dot of light projected on a screen in a dark room, they begin to percieve the dot as moving, even though it is stationary (judgements converged and a group norm evolved)
conformity
adjustment of individual behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs to a group standard
informational social influence
following the opinions or behavior of other people because we believe that they have accurate knowledge and that what they are doing is right
normative social influence
conforming to obtain the rewards that come from being accepted by other people, while at the same time avoiding their rejection
conformity factors
group size: increased as group grows
presence of a dissenter: reduced conformity, model for remaining independent from the group
obedience factors
remoteness of victim: when learner was out of sight O greatest, when placed in the same room O decreased
closeness and legit of authority: close by and legit= high O, left or ordinary, O dropped
diffusion of responsibility: obedience increases when someone else does the dirty work
compliance techniques
strategites that may manipulate you into saying say when you really want to say no
norm of reciprocity
involves the expectation that when others treat us well, we should respond in kind
door-in-the-face technique
persuader makes a large request, expecting you to reject it, and then presents a smaller request (persuaders "compromises" by making the second smaller request so we feel pressure to reciprocate by complying)
foot-in-the-door technique
a persuader gets you to comply with a small request first and later presents a larger request
lowballing
a persuader gets you to commit to some action and then before you actually perform the behavior, he or she increases the cost of the same behavior
social loafing
is the tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone
collective effort model
people will put forth only as much effort as they expect is needed to attain a valued goal
social compensation
working harder in a group then when alone to compensate for other members lower output
group polarization
when a group of like-minded people discuss an issue, the "average" opinion of group members tends to become more extreme to gain approval
groupthink
the tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement (under high stress, insulated from outside input, directive leader, high cohesiveness)
members of groupthink
mind guard: precent negative info form reaching the group
self-censorship and withhold their doubts creating an illusion of unanimity (everyone else seems to agree with the decision)
deindividuation
loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited behavior, and individual feels less identifiable to people outside the group reduce feelings of accountability and slightly but consistently, increase the risk of antisocial actions (reducing anoymity and increasing public accountability can counter it)
mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to a stimulus typically increases our liking for it, people are often attracted to people who are similar to themselves
matching effect
we are most likely to have a partner whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own
self-disclosure
the sharing of innermost thoughts and feelings, emotional involvement and relationship satisfaction, intimacy and trust
social exchange theory
proposes that the course of a relationship is governed by rewards and costs that the partners experience (reward: companionship, cost: argument)
comparison level
outcome that a person has grown to expect in relationships, and it influences the persons satisfaction with the present relationship
comparison level for alternatives
focuses on the potential alternatives to relationship, and it influences a persons degree of commitment
sexual strategies theory
ancestral men who were predisposed to have sec with more partnets increased the likelihood of fathering more children and passing on their genes
social structure theory
most of these sex differences in mating strategies and preferences occur because society directs men into more advantaged social and economic roles
passionate love
involves intense emotion, arousal, and yearning for the partner (less stable and declines quicker)
companionate love
involves affection and deep caring about the partners well-being
triangular theory of love
proposes that love involves three major components: passion (physical attraction and sexual desire), intimacy (closeness, sharing, and valuing), and commitment (decision to remain in relationship)
consummate love
intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present
stonewalling
listener withdraw and non responsiveness
positive emotional bank account
helps couples repair and recover from their immediate anger and conflict
ostracism
ignoring or excluding someone share same neuroanatomical basis as physical pain, reduces self esteem and feelings of control and sense of belonging, rejection
prejudice
negative attitude toward people based on their membership in a group, dislike or hold negative beliefs about them
discrimination
refers to the overt behavior that involves treating people unfairly based on the group to which they belong
explicit prejudice
people express publicly
implicit prejudice
hidden from public view (without consious control, a person prejudiced against blacks will react more slowly to the "black-pleasent" pair than to the "white-pleasent" pair IAT
in group favoratism
represents the tendency to favor in-group members and attribute more positive qualities to "us" than to "them"
out group favoritism
reflects the tendency to attribute more negative qualities to "them" than to "us"
out-group homogeneity
members of out-groups as being more similar to one another than are members of in-groups
realistic conflict theory
competition for limited resources fosters prejudice, perceived threat to one's in-group
social identity theory
prejudice stems from a need to enhance our self-esteem, opportunity to derogate others helps restore self-esteem
stereotype threat
proposes that stereotypes create self-consciousness among stereotyped group members and a fear that they will live up to other peoples expectations
equal status contact
prejudice between people is most likely to be reduced when they engage in sustained close contact, have equal status, work to achieve a common goal that requires cooperation, and are supported by broader social norms
"shooter bias"
black and white participants were more likely to shoot unarmed suspects who were black
kin selection
organisms are most likely to help others with whom they share the most genes namely, their offspring and genetic relatives, increase odds that their genes will survive across generations, prosocial members in gene pool
reciprocal altruism
helping others increases the odds that they will help us or our kin in return, thereby enhancing the survival of our genes
norm
reciprocity-recirpocate when others treat us kindly
social responsibility-people should help others and contribute to the welfare of society
altruism
unselfishness, helping another for the ultimate purpose of enhancing that persons welfare
egotistic goals
involve helping others to improve our own welfare, self-esteem, avoid guilt, praise, alleviate distress
empathy-altruism hypothesis
altruism is produced by empathy the ability to put oneself in the place of another and to share what that person is experiencing
diffusion of responsibility
if i dont help, someone else will
bystander effect
the presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each persons tendency to help, largely due to social comparison or diffusion of responsibility
aggression
represents any form of behavior that is intended to harm another person (social establish a dominance hierarchy)
frustration
occurs when some event interferes with out own progress toward a goal, increases the risk of verbal and physical aggression, as do aversive events
self justification
make it psychologically easier to harm people, deserves it, dehumanize
catharsis
stated that performing an act of aggression discharges aggressive energy and temp reduces our impulse to aggress
overcontrolled hostility
little immediate reaction to provocations, bottle up their anger and suddenly erupt into violence
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