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SP2010 - Week 2 Lecture Revision

Terms in this set (31)

Motor Program theories:
Movement instructions (motor programs) are input by the control system, which provide the basis for organizing, initiating, and carrying out coordinated moevements.
Dynamic Systems Theories:
Movement instructions (motor program) are input by the environment.
What is a motor program?
Memory representation that stores and controls information needed to perform co-ordinated movement.
Schmidt's Schema Theory:
Hypothesises that a General Motor Program (GMP) enables the adaptive and flexible qualities of human movement - allowing the performance of new (novel) actions.
Invariant features
the 'signature' of a GMP, forming the basis of what is stored in the memory.
Parameters
variant movement-related features of the performance of an action.
Invariant features of GMP's: 1. Relative time of the components of the skill
The proportion, or percentage of the total movement time required by each component of a skill during its performance.
Invariant features of GMP's: 2. The order of movement sequences
The sequence of a movement remains the same each time.
E.g. the backswing always initiates first in a tennis forehand
Varient Features of GMP's: Duration of action:
total or absolute movement time (for example - drive vs putt in golf)
Variant Features of GMP's: Muscles used to perform the skill
e.g. trunk muscles used when driving or putting in golf.
Invariant features of GMP's
Relative time of the components of the skill.
The order of movement sequences.
Variant Features of GMP's
Duration of action.
Muscles used to perform the skill .
Schema: -
a set of rules that provide the basis for a decision.
The GMP
structures coordinated movement by using invariant features of the action.
Motor response schema:
structures coordinated movement by using invariant features of the action.
What is the Dynamical systems theory?
A theory which describes the control of coordinated movement through the interaction with the environment, task and individual constraints.
Nonlinear behaviors
abrupt changes in response to a specific variable.
What is stability?
A preferred behavioral steady state of a system
What are attractors?
Preferred behavioral steady states (two attractor states on a treadmill; running at fast treadmill velocities and walking at slow velocities.
What are Order Parameters?
Task specific variables that define the overall behavior of a system.
What are control Parameters?
The variable(s) that when manipulated influence the stability of the order parameter.
Common examples would include tempo, velocity or force
Self Organization
When certain constraints arise, a stable pattern self-organizes and emerges.So rather than being a motor program, the coordinated pattern of movement self-organizes to the requirements of the environment, task or individual constraints.
Dynamical Systems Theory
The nervous system functionally constrains collections of muscles and joints to act cooperatively; referred to as a coordinative structures.
How do Coordinative Structures solve the degrees of freedom problem?
Coordinative structures allow a person to perform an action even the structures is unable to achieve it for example: an individual with a cast on their leg are still able to walk up and down stairs.
How do coordinative structures occur?
Intrinsically: Naturally acquired at birth (walking or running).
Developed: Practice should occur in a variety of environmental and individual constrained conditions.
How does the dynamical systems theory explain the degrees of freedom problem associated with kicking a ball?
The coordinative structure would encapsule all the muscles / joints in the lower limb associated with the kicking action.
Perception action coupling
The spatial and temporal coupling of vision and the limbs to enable an individual to perform coordinated skills in dynamic (changing) environments.
Perception:
Detects / uses invariant environmental information (e.g. time until object contact).
Action:
Setting and regulating movement control features that enable the person to achieve the action goal (e.g. moving of the line of the objects flight path).
Walking over objects or determining if a defender is too large to maneuver a certain way around.
Dynamical Systems Theory - Application to Sporting Rehab
Theory states that skill acquisition occurs as individuals become equipped at managing control parameters (constraints).
The Present State of Motor Control Theory
A theory of motor control cannot focus exclusively on the movement information information specific by the movement control centre.
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