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Industrial Revolution/Social Reforms

Terms in this set (27)

Industrial Revolution
The shift, beginning in England during the 1700's from making goods by hand to machine making, many new inventions made during this time
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Scientific Revolution, Agriculture (enclosure movement to crop movement and selective breeding of livestock)
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain?
There were raw materials (coal, iron ore), good geography (rivers), political stability, economic strength, pro-business attitude, culture of innovation, large population of workers
Raw Materials
The basic demand from which products are made, a factor that determined which country was wealthy
Urbanization
The growth of cities and the migration of people into them
Enclosures
Large fields where landowners experimented and discovered more productive farming methods to boost crop yields.
Results of Enclosures
Landowners were able to experiment with new agricultural methods and the large landowners forced small famers to give up farming and move to the cities
Crop Rotation
Proved to be one of the best developments, the system of growing different crops in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land
Industrialization
The process of developing machine production of goods
Inventors of the steam engine
James Watt, Thomas Newcomen, Robert Fulton, Matthew Boulton
Living Conditions
No plans, no sanitary codes, and no building codes controlled the growth of England cities. Lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection for the people who poured in from the countryside seeking jobs
Working Conditions
Average worker spent 14 hours a day at a job, 6 days a week. Machines often injured workers in many ways.
Middle Class
A social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers-known as the rich people who benefitted the most from the Industrial Revolution
Positive Effects of Industrial Revolution
Created jobs for workers, contributed to the wealth of the nation, fostered technological progress and invention, greatly increased the production of goods, raised the standard of living, expanded educational opportunities, higher availability of goods, emerging middle class
Negative Results of the Industrial Revolution
Global inequality, gap between social classes in Britain, urbanization, pollution, led to communism, brought too many people to the cities-too crowded (led to unemployment), child labor
Effects: Size of cities
Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to cities, urban areas multiplying, factories developing near sources of energy, many new industrial cities specializing in certain industries
Effects: Living Conditions
No sanitary codes/building controls, lack of adequate housing, education, and police protection, lack of running water and indoor plumbing, frequent epidemics sweeping through slums, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper clothing
Effects: Working Conditions
Industrialization creating new jobs for workers, workers trying to keep pace with machines, dirty factories, workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditions, severe factory disciplines
Effects: Emerging Social Classes
Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchants, upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich middle class, lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers, workers overworked but underpaid
What features did the US have that allowed it to start industrialization?
Had rushing rivers, rich deposits of coal and iron ore, and a supply of immigrant laborers
Expansion of US industry
Wealth of natural resources (oil, coal, and iron), a burst of inventions (electric light bulb and telephone), and a swelling urban population that consumed the new manufactured goods, use of railroads
Causes of Global Inequality
Unbalanced wealth system (a widened gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries), greed of certain nations
Socialism
An economic system where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Karl Marx
Introduced the world to a radical type of socialism, called Marxism. Argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes (bourgeoise and workers). Believed that the Industrial Revolution had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor.
Marx's belief on capitalism
Believed that the capitalist system (produced during the Industrial Revolution) would eventually destroy itself because factories would drive small artisans out of business, leaving a small number of manufacturers to control all of the wealth, then the large group of workers would eventually revolt
Communism
Marx's idea that all means of production- land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses-would be owned by the people
Factory Act of 1833
A reform made to investigate child labor. Made it illegal to hire children under the age of 9 and they could not work more then 8 hours
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