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Psychology Chapters 11 and 12
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Terms in this set (53)
Fill in the Blank- The 5 distinct emotional expressions of 1-month old infants
Interest, Surprise, Joy, Anger, and Fear
Early Origins of Achievement Motivation (and briefly define each phase)
Joy in Mastery- infants are visibly pleased to master challenges.
Approval Seeking- anticipate how others will evaluate their performances.
Use of Standards- Children begin to react more independently to their successes and failures.
Self-Concept
Our perception or image of our abilities and our uniqueness.
Self-Esteem
Used to describe a person's overall sense of self- worth or personal value.
Self-Recognition
Ability to recognize oneself in a mirror or a photograph.
Relational Self-Worth
Feelings of self-esteem within a specific relationship context; may differ across relationship context.
Gender Stereotyping
Overgeneralized attitudes and behaviors that are considered normal and appropriate for a person.
Gender Similarities Hypothesis
Males and females from childhood to adulthood are more alike than different on most psychological variables.
Gender Typing
When child becomes aware of their gender and develops motives, values, and behaviors believed apt for members of that sex.
Social Roles Hypothesis
Psychological differences between the sexes and are created by differences in socially assigned parts that men and women play.
Social Factors
Influences that affect our thought and behavior in social situations.
Multiple Choice- Emotional Self-Regulation
Strategies for managing emotions or adjusting emotional arousal to an apt level of intensity.
Emotional Competence
Frequent expressions of more positive emotions and relatively infrequent displays of negative ones.
Competent Emotional Knowledge
Ability to correctly identify other people's feelings and factors responsible for those emotions.
Competent Emotional Regulation
Ability to adjust one's experience and expression of emotional arousal to a correct level of intensity to achieve one's goals.
Social Competence
Ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while continuing to maintain positive relationships with others.
Asocial Phase
Period in which infants respond in an equally favorable way to interesting social and nonsocial stimuli.
Phase of Indiscriminate Attachments Period
Period which infants prefer.
Phase of Specific Attachment
Between 7 and 9 months of age when infants are attached to one close companion.
Phase of Multiple Attachments
Infants are forming connections to companions other than their primary caregiver.
Sensorimotor Play
Helps kids improve both individual gross and fine muscle strength and overall integration of muscles, nerves, brain functions.
Practice Play
Repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned.
Pretense Play
Occurs when the child transitions the physical environment into a symbol.
Social Play
Play that involves interactions with friends.
Constructive Play
When children manipulate their environment to create things.
Fantasy Play
Kids learn the skills to abstract and to experiment with language and emotions.
Matching- Basic Emotions
Present at birth or emerging early in the first year that some theorists believe to be biologically programmed.
Complex Emotions
Self-conscious emotions that emerge in the second year and depend, in part, on cognitive development.
Secure Base
Use of a caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment.
Imprinting
Learning in which the young of certain species will follow and become attached to moving objects.
Preadapted Characteristic
Increases the chances of survival for the individual and the species.
Kewpie Doll Effect
Notion that infant-like facial features are perceived as cute and lovable.
Critical Thinking
Involves intellectual reasoning and efficiently evaluating the evidence.
Creative Thinking
Ability to think in new and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.
Convergent Thinking
Produces one correct answer.
Divergent Thinking
Produces many different answers to the same question.
Obedience and Punishment
At this stage, children see rules as fixed and absolute.
Individualism and Exchange
Children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs.
Interpersonal Relationships
Focused on living up to social expectations and roles.
Maintaining Social Order
People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgements.
Social Contract and Individual Rights
People begin to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people.
Universal Principles
People follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.
Bonus Points
Which gender has a slight edge over the other gender
...
Females
Verbal Ability
Males
Visual/Spatial Abilities
Males
Mathematical Ability
Males
Aggression
Males
Activity Level
Females
Fear and Timidity
Males
Developmental Vulnerability
Females
Emotional Expressivity/ Sensitivity
Females
Compliance
Females
Self-Esteem
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