Intro to Criminology, Ch. 6 quiz "Social Structure Theories"

Terms in this set (64)

Which of the following is not one of the assumptions on which most sociological perspectives of crime causation are built?

It is possible to predict the specific behavior of an individual member of a given group.

Social __________ refers to institutional arrangements within society's institutions.

__________ theories suggest that crime is the end product of factors such as inappropriate socialization and social learning.

Conflict theories see __________ as a fundamental cause of crime.

the nature of existing power relationships between social groups

__________ theories suggest that crime is the result of class struggle.

Social structure theories see __________ as a fundamental cause of crime.

social disenfranchisement

Which of the following is not a type of social structure theory?

Social control theory

According to Thomas and Znaniecki, increased crime rates among recent immigrants to America was due to social

disorganization

The social pathology model was used by early social __________ theorists.

The idea of viewing cities in terms of concentric zones was developed by

Robert Parks and Earnest Burgess

The concentric zone research conducted by Park and Burgess identified Zone __________ as being in transition.

According to Park and Burgess, Zone __________ contained mostly working-class tenements.

The concentric zone model was applied to the study of juvenile delinquency by

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

According to the research on crime patterns in concentric zones, as the composition of the population in the zone of transition changes (e.g., because of various waves of immigration), the crime rate will

stay about the same

Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the __________ School of Criminology.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a disorganized urban transitional zone?

The presence of a significant amount of retail businesses

The most important contribution made by the ecological school is

its claim that the community has a significant influence on behavior.

Which of the following is not one of the approaches upon which environmental criminology builds?

Sherman's "hot spots" research found that __________ percent of places in Minneapolis generated __________ percent of all calls to the police.

Which of the following statements would not apply to Stark's theory of deviant neighborhoods?

Where homes are more crowded, people tend to congregate in the home rather than outside the home.

The broken windows perspective was developed by

James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling

Which of the following was not a result of the broken windows thesis?

a focus on serious crime

Operation Padlock in New York City was based on the concept of

criminology of place

The classic statement of strain theory was developed by

Robert K. Merton

Merton's strain theory stresses

the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the means of obtaining them.

According to Merton, which of the following would not be a socially approved means to achieving legitimate goals?

criminal activity

According to Merton, which of the following is the mode of adaptation that typifies most middle- and upper-class individuals?

According to Merton, an innovator

accepts the legitimate goals but rejects the socially approved means of acquiring those goals.

According to Merton, the __________ mode of adaptation involves rejecting culturally defined goals but accepting socially approved means.

Which is the least common mode of adaptation, according to Merton?

Relative deprivation theory was proposed by

Steven F. Messner and Richard Rosenfeld.

Which of the following is characteristic of an individual experiencing personal deprivation?

feelings of social isolation

__________ is an individual's perception of his or her rightful place in the reward structure of society.

Distributive justice

General strain theory was developed by

According to general strain theory, which of the following is not a strain likely to cause crime?

The strain is associated with high levels of self-control.

The culture conflict perspective was most clearly expressed by

Thorsten Sellin

__________'s study of gangs in Chicago is one of the earliest works on subcultures.

Frederic M. Thrasher

The book Street Corner Society, which studied the Italian slum known as "Cornerville," was written by

William F. Whyte

Walter Miller identified six key values or __________ which are considered important by members of a delinquent subculture.

Which of the following is not one of Miller's focal concerns?

According to Miller, male involvement in fighting and sexual adventures while drinking represent which focal concern?

Which focal concern involves the ability to con or outsmart others?

The concept of luck or of being lucky relates to the focal concern

Neutralization theory is most closely associated with the work of

Gresham Sykes and David Matza.

A shoplifter who claims she is not really a criminal because "no one really got hurt" and "the shop can afford it" is employing the __________ technique of neutralization

The technique of neutralization that involves a young offender claiming that the unlawful acts were "not my fault" is known as

denying responsibility

The concept of a subculture of violence was developed by

Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang.

The development of favorable attitudes towards the use of violence involves

learned behavior

It appears that certain forms of violence are more acceptable in the __________ portion of the United States

According to James Clark, the black subculture of violence was created by generations of __________ violence.

The concept of "wholesale" and "retail" costs for homicide was developed by

Franklin Zimring

Differential opportunity theory was developed by

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

According to differential opportunity theory, drug use predominates in the __________ delinquent subculture.

According to Cloward and Ohlin, a Type __________ youth wants wealth but not entry into the middle class.

A juvenile who becomes addicted to drugs or alcohol is an example of Cloward and Ohlin's Type __________ youth.

Reaction formation was developed by

The book The Code of the Street was written by

Elijah Anderson

The average age for joining a gang today is approximately __________ years of age

Which of the following statement about gangs is not true?

Many gangs allow female members to assume leadership roles.

Which of the following was not one of the objectives of the Chicago Area Project?

increase job and educational opportunities for delinquents

__________ was based on the work of Cloward and Ohlin

Mobilization for Youth

Which of the following was not part of Mobilization for Youth?

welfare-to-work programs

Which of the following is a critique of ecological theories?

They sometimes uses the incidence of delinquency as both an example of social disorganization and something caused by disorganization.

Some researchers suggest that __________ theories fail to distinguish between the condition of social disorganization and the crimes that this condition is said to cause.

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