Test 1

why do we need to inventory forest stands?
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why do we need to inventory forest stands?
We need to inventory forest stands to ensure equal forest harvesting by determining
age. Forest stands break down a forest into STANDS by the type of trees, diameter,
basal area.
What is the main difference between sampling forest stands and sampling wildlife or
fisheries population?
Wildlife and fisheries are mobile whereas forest/trees are constantly located in the same place.
I just bought a new 100-ft logger's tape. What do I need to do before using it?
You check if the tape is in inches or decimals.
If my pace is 12.4 paces/chain, how many paces do I need to cover a distance of 5.32
chains?
12.4 x 5.32 = 65.958 paces/chain
If my pace is 13.1 pace/chain, and if it took me 145 paces to cover a distance AB, what is that
distance in chains?
145 / 13.1 = 11.07 chains
I measured a distance and found it to be 25.81 chains by pacing, and 26.453 chains with the
use of a measuring tape. What is my error percent in pacing?
(26.453 - 25.81) / 26.453 = 2% error
I paced a distance and calculate it in chains. How many decimals should I present the result?
Explain.
When calculating a paced distance into chains you should use 2 decimals to record the length in order to be accurate to the nearest link.
Why is chain a preferred unit to measure length, as compared to feet?
The chain is the preferred unit for measuring due to the fact it is easy to convert from chains^2 to acres and it is good for measuring long distances.
An observation is recorded as 7.600 inches, which implies a measurement that is precise to
the nearest ______ inch.
thousandth
Convert from S35°W bearing to azimuth
Azimuth= degrees from 0
215* Azimuth
Convert from 236° azimuth to bearing.S34*WSuppose you just bought a new compass and used it to measure directions. You found out later that the declination on this compass was set at 0°, instead of 5°W which was the current declination at your locality. If the reading was N3°W, what is the true bearing?N3*W - 5*W = N2*ESuppose you want to measure direction, what are the first few things you have to do when you pick up a new compass?You first check the Azimuth or bearing and then check the declinationIf you are walking in the direction of S35°W, and now you want to turn 90° left, what is the bearing of the new direction?S35*W + 90* left = S55*EWhat is the total interior angle of an n-sided polygon?180* is the total interior angle of a n- sided polygonCompute error of closure from a given closed traverse.100 x [ (error of closing gap) / (total distance traveled) ]What is the name of the device used to measure map area?planimeterWhat are the drawbacks of "metes and bounds" surveys?Meters and bounds use a description based system and these descriptions can move over time. (tree get chopped down, boulder moved)What is the name of the survey system that replaced the metes and bounds surveys?US Public Land SurveyWhat are the dimensions of a tract, township, and section?- Quadrangle: 24x24 miles - Township: 6x6 miles - Section: 1x1 mileGiven that the dot grids contain 25 dots per square inch, and that the scale of the map is 4 inches to the mile, compute area in acres of a tract covering 450 dots.450 dots / 25 dots/inch = 18 inches^2 / 4in=1 mile = 4.5 miles 80 chains = 1 mile 4.5 x 80 = 360 1 acre = 10 ch^2 360 / 10 = 36 acres^2What is dbh? Where do we measure dbh? Why at that point?Diameter at breast height. Measure at breast height (4.5ft). B/c standard height, and often free of butt swells.One-inch diameter classes: The 10" class spans from ____ inches to ____ inches.9.51" to 10.5"Two-inch diameter classes: The 10" class spans from ____ inches to ____ inches.9.01" to 11.0"A forester measured a tree dbh as 12 inches. Can you guess whether he was using 1-inch or 2-inch dbh classes? Explain.A forester could be using either a 1" or a 2" class if he has a dbh of 12 inches because the dbh is even so both classes apply.What does D-tape really measure?D- Tape measures circumference C = πD ==> every 3.14" on D-Tape = 1 inch of diameter overestimate: always positively biasedFor D-tapes: Is a 1-inch interval between 7 and 8 inches of the same distance as another 1-inch interval between 12 and 13 inches? Explain why.Yes because even though they have different decimal points they are still in 1" class therefore they both measure the same distance.For Biltmore sticks: Is a 1-inch interval between 7 and 8 inches of the same distance as another 1-inch interval between 12 and 13 inches? Explain why.Graduation formula: G = D / Sqrt( 1+ D/A ) where D = dbh, A = distance from eyes, G = distance on stick (all in the same unit)I measured diameter of a tree using two different instruments and obtained readings of 12.3" and 12.5". Which reading belonged to the D-tape and which belonged to the calipers? Why?The 12.5 belongs to the D- Tape because there is almost always overestimating unless the tree is a perfect circle. Whereas the calipers take 2 perpendicular measurements and then average between the 2 making the measurement slightly less than the D-Tape.How do you measure DBH in the following unusual situations: (a) sloping ground, (b) leaning tree, (c) forking tree (2 cases), and (d) butt swell (2 cases)A) You measure the DBH uphill! B) You measure perpendicular to the lean C) You measure DBH at 4.5 as normal if fork is above 4.5' C) If fork is below 4.5' then you measure at 2 trees 3.5' above the fork D) If buttswelll is less than 3' you measure 4.5 as normal D) If buttswell is larger than 3' you go 1.5' above swellCompute dib of a tree, given that its dob is 17.5" and single bark thickness is 0.4"dib = dob - double bark thickness 17.5" - 0.4" = 17.1" dibWhat do you call instruments that measure tree diameters? List all of these instruments that we cover in this course.(Dendrometers) D- Tape Calipers Biltmore StickWhat do you call instruments that measure tree heights? List all of these instruments that we cover in this course.(Hypsometers) Haga Altimeter Abney Hand Level Suunto ClinometerSuppose you used a Suunto clinometer with percent scale to measure total height from a 60-foot distance, and the readings were +5 and +92, what was the total height? Draw a simple diagram to illustrate your logic.92-5=87ft x/87=90/66 52.2= 52ftSuppose you used a Haga altimeter with topographic scale to measure total height from a 90-foot distance, and the readings were -4 and +89, what was the total height? Draw a simple diagram to illustrate your logic.4+89=93ft x/93=90/66 126.8= 127ftHow far should you be from a tree in order to measure its height?100ftWhat are convenient distances for hypsometers with percent scales?100' Convenient distances: 33', 50', 66', 100', 132'What are convenient distances for hypsometers with topographic scales?66'How would you measure tree height of a leaning tree?You would measure the tree height perpendicular to the lean because this leaves less room for errorDefine Girard form classGirard form class = 100 (dib@17.3' / dbh) 17.3' = 16' log + 1' stump + 0.3' trim allowance Reason: (DBH) (FC) = scaling diameter of the first logIf a tree measured 14.2" in dbh, 12.5" at 17.3', and 0.3" in single bark thickness, compute Girard form class for that tree.100 x (0.6" / 14.2) = 4.2Assuming that the average Girard form class for a particular stand is 80. What is the approximate scaling diameter of the butt log of a tree measuring 13.2""in dbh.80=100(x/13.2) x=10.56ftA ring count at breast height reveals 15 rings (a ring consists of both springwood and summerwood). How old is the tree?15 yrsWhat is the difference between cruising and scaling?cruising: measuring standing trees scaling: measuring logs or bolts (trees already cut)Name all formulas to compute cubic-foot volume of a log.Huber's: V = B1/2 L -3.5% Smalian's: V = (B + b) L / 2 9% Newton's: V = (B + 4 B1/2 + b) L / 6 0% Conic: V = [B + b + (Bb)1/2] L / 3 ----What is the device used to measure volume of an object by submerging it in water?xylometerCompute cord volume of a stack of wood measuring 4' x 8' x 10'Vcords = (Width x Height x Length) / 128 (all in feet) =2.5 CordsThe solid wood content of a cord is 128 cu.ft. True or false? Explain.Solid wood content: 60 - 95 cuft/cord. So this statement if false because the solid wood content is affected by bark thickness, bolt diameter, bolt length, straightness, knots, stacking.What is 1 MBF of wood?Pine: 1 MBF = 16,000 lbs Hardwood: 1 MBF = 19,000 lbsTrue or false? Solid wood content of a stack of wood increases with stick length. Solid wood content of a stack of wood increases with average bolt diameter.False TrueWhy is weight used now instead of volume in most lumber and paper mills?-good for irregular solids (pulpwood) where volume is difficult to obtain - for pulpwood, the product (pulp) is expressed in weight - fast - encourages delivery of freshly cut wood to the millThere are two broad types of log rules. a. _______________ log rules: example(s) is (are): b. _______________ log rules: example(s) is (are):Diagram: Scribner log rule Mathematical: Doyle log rule, International log ruleIf the volume of a log from a log rule table was found to be 35 bd.ft., but volume of the boards sawn from that log totaled 42 bd.ft., what is the overrun/underrun percent?100 x (mill tally - log scale) / (log scale) =1.6% underrunDoyle log rule results in overruns for _________ (small, large) logs and underruns for __________ (small, large) logs. Explain why.Overrun for small logs and underrun for large logs (due to 4" slabbing allowance)What is the difference between International-1/4" and International-1/8"?International-1/4": modified from International-1/8"In Doyle log rule construction, the first step was to assume a square cant from the log. What are the dimensions of this cant?inchesTrue or false? Doyle volume is always lower than International-1/4". Scribner volume is always lower than International-1/4". Doyle volume is always lower than Scribner.True True FalseWhen you scale logs, you have to know the __________ (minimum, maximum) scaling diameter and the __________ (minimum, maximum) scaling length.minimum scaling diameter maximum scaling lengthWhat is a scaling diameter?small end (ib)What is a scaling length?2" intervals, trim allowance 2"-6"True or false? Scaling defects include those imperfections that will result in losses of wood volume and log quality. Explain why.True. The imperfections include crooks and sweeps these reduce timber volume. However, do not reduce timber quality.