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AP Biology: Chapter 16 & 17

Terms in this set (79)

DNA Replication

Process by which DNA molecule is copied, and how cells repair their DNA

The change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell

Bacteriophages (phages)

viruses that infect bacteria (studies of these showed DNA to be the genetic material)

Little more than DNA enclosed by a protective coat, which is often a protein

Form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparellel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

Referring to the arrangement of sugar phosphate backbones in the DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' to 3' directions)

Semiconservative model

Type of DNA replication in which replicated doube helix consists of one old (parental) strand and one newly made strand

Origins of replication

The sites at which DNA replication begins, short stretches of DNA have specific sequences of nucleotides

Replication Fork

Y shaped region where parental strands of DNA are being unwound

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating two parent strands and making them available template strands

Single Strand binding proteins

bind to unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from repairing

A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands : during DNA replication, helps to relieve strain in double helix ahead of replication fork

Short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by a complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication

Enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template

Catalyzes synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain

New complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction

Discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments each synthesized in 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork

Okazaki Fragments

Short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication: (Many segments are joined up to make lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA)

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication: catalyzes covalent bonding of 3' end of one DNA fragment to the 5' end of another DNA fragment

Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors

Enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide

Tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule: protect the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication

Enzyme that catalyzes lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells

Dense region of DNA in a bacterium

Complex DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes

Responsible for level of DNA packing in chromatin

The basic unit of DNA packing

Heterochromatin

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

Gene Expression

Process in which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

Synthesis of RNA using info in DNA: info rewritten from DNA to RNA

Metabolic Pathways

Each chemical reaction in a sequence is catalyzed by specific enzyme

Carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of the cell

Synthesis of polypeptide using info in mRNA

site of translation, complex particles that facilitate linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

Primary Transcript

initial RNA transcript from any gene

genetic instructions for polypeptide chain written in DNA as series of nonoverlapping, three nucleotide words

Template Strand

Provides template for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript

mRNA nucleotide triplets, written in the 5' —> 3' direction: term also used for nucleotide triplets along contemplate strand

reading symbols in correct groupings, polypeptides will be made correctly only if nucleotides read from left to right (5' —> 3')

Pries two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the DNA template strand

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

Sequence that signals the end of transcription (in bacteria)

Transcription unit

Stretch of DNA that is transcribed into RNA molecule

Nucleotide position on the promoter where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA

Transcription factors

Collection of proteins in eukaryotes that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of trnascription

Transcription initiation complex

The whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase two bound to the promoter

Crucial promoter DNA sequence

Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of 5' and 3' ends

This end is synthesized first and recieves a cap : a modified form of Guanine added onto the end of the first 20-40 nucleotides (after transcription)

At the 3' end, an enzyme adds 50-250 more adenine nucleotides

Process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together.

A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

RNA/protein complex that regulates specific pattern of splicing in RNA processing

RNA molecules that function as enzymes.

Alternative RNA Splicing

can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Aminoacyl-rRNA Synthetases

b. attaches amino acids to tRNAs

Flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position of a codon.

RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA.

holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

Strings of ribosomes that work together to translate a RNA message.

Signal Peptides

signal where the ribosome should be transported

Signal Recognition Particle

binds to the signal sequence and the ribosomal subunits and transports the complex to the ER

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Point Mutations

chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

Nucleotide pair substitution

replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

Silent Mutation

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

Missense Mutations

substitutions that change one amino acid to another one

Nonsense Mutations

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

Insertions and Deletions

additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

Frameshift mutation

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

physical and chemical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations

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