AP Physics 2 Optics

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law of reflection
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Terms in this set (23)
law of reflection
light bounces off an object, assume all light is reflected from mirrors (opaque), angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
types of mirrors
plane: flat mirror & always give a virtual image
convex: curved towards the object & always gives a virtual image
concave: curved away from object, gives virtual or real images
virtual images
light doesn't pass through the image, forms on the dark side of the mirror, where we expect the image to be for a mirror, all mirrors form these
real images
light actually passes through the image, forms on the light side of the mirror, we don't expect the image to appear there, only concave mirrors can form these
1/f=1/di+1/do (mirror)
mirror equation where f=focal length, di=distance to image from mirror, do=distance to object from mirror
M=hi/ho=-di/do (mirror)
magnification equation where M=magnification, hi=height of image, ho=height of object, di=distance from image to mirror, do=distance to object from mirror
signs
if di is negative, virtual image, if di is positive, real image, if M is negative, inverted image, if M is positive, upright image, rule of thumb: if light passes through the image, positive; otherwise, negative (dark side), just because M is negative doesn't mean it's smaller, the sign is for orientation only
specular reflection
clean, smooth mirror for reflection
diffuse reflection
rough surface for reflection (wall/floor)
refraction
bending of light as it passes from one material to another, light travels slows through more optically dense materials, optical density is measured by the index of refraction (n), which is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (c) to the speed of light in that material (v)
n=c/vrefraction equation where n=index of refraction, c=speed of light in a vacuum, v=speed of light in that materialSnell's lawdescribes how light behaves when passing from one material to another, light passes through an object, but is deflected off its original line, amount of refraction is based on the object's optical density and incident anglen1sinθ1=n2sinθ2Snell's law equation where is n is refractiontotal internal reflectionlight attempts to pass from one material to another, light must be traveling from a more dense to a less dense material, if the incident angle is larger than the critical angle (θc), then light is reflected, law of reflection applies (θi=θr)sinθc=n2/n1total internal reflection equationtypes of lensesplane: flat lens (window), always gives a real image convex: curved towards the object (symmetric on both sides), gives virtual or real image concave: curved away from object (symmetric on both sides), gives virtual or real images1/f=1/di+1/do (lense)lens equation where f=focal point, di=distance to image from lens, do=distance to object from lensM=hi/ho=-di/do (lense)magnification equation where M=magnification, hi=height of image, ho=height of object, di=distance from image to lens, do=distance from object to lenscomparing singles to doubles1 wavelengths difference in path length from the edges of the slit produces a minimum since the light from the center of the slit differs by a half wavelength and gives destructive interferencesingle slit diffractiondouble slit interferencey=mλD/dcomparing singles to doubles equation #1dsinθ=mλcomparing singles to doubles equation #2