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Ch. 2 Renaissance in Europe

Terms in this set (82)

Renaissance
1350-1500
"rebirth or revival"
In the Late Middle Ages...
Italy was more urban than the rest of Europe. Thriving trade networks were based in these cities
Italian Merchants
set up trading centers in the with the Byzantine and Islamic civilizations to the east
What did Italian Merchants send back to europe?
silk, sugar, and spices
Italian ships moved into:
the western Mediterranean and then north along the Atlantic seaboard
Italian Politics
Italy lacked a single, strong ruler
City-states in Italy
a number of city-states in north and central Italy remained independent
5 dominant City-States in Italy
Milan, Venice, Naples, The Papal States, Florence
Milan
one of the richest city-states
Visconti Family
14th century
made themselves dukes of Milan and extended their power to Lombardy
Sforza
1447
led mercenaries and conquered Milan, became the new duke
Venice
commercial link between Asia and western Europe
Government of Venice
Officially had a republic with an elected leader (doge)
Reality of the government of Venice
a small group of wealthy merchant/aristocrats ran the government
Government of Florence
republic where a small group of wealthy merchants controlled the government (1300)
How did Florence become a powerful city-state?
waged successful wars against their neighbors
When did the Medici family take control of Florence?
1434
Cosimo de Medici took control
Lorenzo his grandson also played an important part in Florentine politics
Why did Church power decline slightly
because Italian city-states grew wealthier and church doctrins were openly ignored
late 1440s
economic decline in Florence
When did Savonarola take control of Florence?
late 1440s
Who is Girolamo Savonarola?
a dominican preacher who condemned the corruption and excess of the Medici family.
He also attacked the corruption of the church.
What caused the Medici to be exiled from Florence?
-citizens turning to Savonarola
-1494 French invasion
When did the Medici family return to Florence?
after Savonarola's exacution for heresy (1498)
Papal States
Rome was the capital, they were controlled by the Catholic Church
Naples
dominated Southern Italy
Government of Naples
only city-state ruled by a hereditary monarchy
When and where did Charles VIII of France invade Italy?
1494
Charles VIII led 30,000 men into Italy and occupied Naples
Who did the Northern Italian states ask for help?
Charles I of Spain
When was Rome sacked?
1527
Who was left the dominant force in Italy?
Spain
When did the wars in Italy finally end?
1559
Niccolo Machiavelli
wrote the Prince
What did Machiavelli believe?
that morality was unrelated to politics and argued that the end justified the means
Renaissance society
clergy, nobility, pesants and townspeople
Family
provided a sense of great security
Role of the Father
center of Italian family
managed finances
made important decisions about the lives of his children
Role of the Mother
supervise household and raise children (moral education)
burgher
a member of the middle class who lived in a city or town. They were shopkeepers, artisans, and guild masters/members
Mercenary
a soldier who fights primarily for pay
What was the Renaissance characterized by?
Secularlism (non-religious) and an emphasis on the individual
Humanism
Based on the study of the classics (literature of ancient Greece and Rome)
What did humanists study?
Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history
What were the humanist subjects called?
The humanities
Petrarch
Father of Italian renaissance humanism
Looked for forgotton Latin manuscripts
Who was the 1st to emphasize Classical Latin?
Francesco Petrarch
Two Roman writers who were admired
Cicero and Virgil
(14th century) Humanists described...
An intellectual life of solitude
New interest in civic life
1400s
Cicero was a model for..
Prose
Virgil was a model for...
Poetry
Byzantine Scholars
Knowledge of the ancient Greek language
Islamic Scholars
Transmitters of ancient Greek culture
vernacular
The language of everday speech in a particular region
Who made vernacular literature popular?
Dante Alighieri and Christine de Pizan
Dante's Divine Comedy
Described a soul's journey to attain paradise
De Pizan's Book of City of Ladies
Argued that womencould learn too
Education
Became more and more secular
Humanists believed...
Education changed human beings, wrote books on education and opened schools
Humanists believed liberal studies...
Enabled individuals to reach their full potentials
Humanists education aimed to...
Create well-rounded individuals
Purpose of education
Produce virtuous, wise individuals
In addition to the liberal studies, humanists emphasized...
Physical education (sound mind & sound body)
Johannes Gutenberg
Mid 1440s
Pioneered the use of movable type
Printing blocks led to....
More reading and scholarly research
Renaissance Art
New, human-focused worldview
Giotto
Style Focused on depicting human beings and their realities and their dramas
The renaissance truly began with...
Massacio's frescos
Fresco
Painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints
Early Renaissance
1400-1490
High Renaissance
1490-1520
What were the two developments in the art world?
Understanding perspective (organization through geometry) & human anatomy
Filippo Brunelleschi
Famous architect who used mathematical and artistic skills to design in the classical style
Artists of the High Renaissance
da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo
Leonardo da Vinci
Artist, scientist, inventor, visionary "Renaissance Man"
Raphael
Showed beauty beyond human standards
Michaelangelo
Painter, sculptor, architect
Most important northern school of art in the 1400s
Flanders
Van Eyck
First Northern Renaissance to use/perfect oil paints
Dürer (German)
Was greatly affected by the Italians but did not reject the northern custom of using minute details
Northern Renaissance Artists
Used minute details on books and altar pieces
Italian Renaissance Artists
Used perspective to create realistic 3D paintings
Perspective
Artistic techniques used to give the effect of 3D depth to 2D surfaces
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