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Psychopathology Final

Terms in this set (64)

Know the definition of psychosis
gross departure from reality, which may include: Hallucinations: Sensory experiences in the absence of sensory input (e.g. hearing voices). Delusions: Strong, inaccurate beliefs that persist in the face of evidence to the contrary
Know who Emil Kraeplin was and his contribution to knowledge of schizophrenia
used the term dementia praecox to describe schizophrenic syndrome
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Catatonia: Unusual motor responses
Hebephrenic: disordered thought, inappropriate emotions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior.
Paranoia: Delusions
Residual: Minor systems that persist after past episode
Disorganized: Purposeless and incoherent behavior, thought and speech
Undifferentiated: Chronic mental disorder caused by a physical breakdown
Undifferentiated Subtypes of schizophrenia
Chronic mental disorder caused by a physical breakdown of mental processes that results in a loss of normal emotional responses
Disorganized Subtypes of schizophrenia
Purposeless and incoherent behavior, thought and speech
Residual Subtypes of schizophrenia
Minor systems that persist after past episode
Paranoia Subtypes of schizophrenia
Delusions
Hebephrenic Subtypes of schizophrenia
disordered thought, inappropriate emotions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior.
Catatonia Subtypes of schizophrenia
Unusual motor responses
Know whose name is associated with first using the term "schizophrenia"
Eugen Bleuler - introduced the term "schizophrenia" "Splitting of the mind"
Know what hallucinations are and the different types of hallucinations
Experience of sensory events without environmental input -Can involve all senses (e.g., tasting something when not eating, having skin sensations when not being touched)- Most common: Auditory
Be aware of what delusions are, and the most common delusions
"The basic feature of madness"- Gross misrepresentations of reality - Most common: Delusions of grandeur- Belief in one's own specialness. E.g., belief that one is the reincarnation of a deceased historical figure; belief that one is the holder of special knowledge; belief that one possesses unrecognized genius- Delusions of persecution: From the lecture, schizophrenia requires 2 types of symptoms in order to be diagnosed. Know what those 2 types of symptoms are- From the text and/or lecture, be aware that while DSM-5 no longer uses subtypes of schizophrenia for diagnosis, they are still used as descriptors. Know what the different subtypes are and how they might be described.
Delusions of Grandeur
Belief in ones own specialness
Be aware of some of the terms associated with the spectrum of negative symptoms of schizophrenia (hint: most of them begin with "a").
Absence or insufficiency of normal behavior- Spectrum of negative symptoms - Avolition (or apathy) - lack of initiation and persistence- Alogia - relative absence of speech - Anhedonia - lack of pleasure, or indifference -Affective flattening - little expressed emotion
Avolition
lack of persistence
Alogia
absence of speech
Anhedonia
lack of pleasure
Affective Flattening
little expressed emotion
Know some of the disorganized speech patterns that can characterize the talk of a person who meets the criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Nature of disorganized speech -Cognitive slippage - illogical and incoherent speech- Tangentiality - "going off on a tangent" -Loose associations - conversation in unrelated directions
Cognitive Slippage
Illogical Speech
Tangentiality
going off on a tangent
Loose associations
conversatins in unrelated directions
Be familiar with how schizoaffective disorder differs from schizophrenia
Symptoms of schizophrenia + additional experience of a major mood episode (depressive or manic) -Psychotic symptoms must also occur outside the mood disturbance-Prognosis is similar for people with schizophrenia- Such persons do not tend to get better on their own
Know the difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorders
Schizophreniform disorder- Psychotic symptoms lasting between 1-6 months (>6 months = schizophrenia)- Associated with relatively good functioning- Most patients resume normal lives- Lifetime prevalence: approximately 0.2%
Know the different types of delusions associated with a diagnosis of delusional disorder
Delusions that are contrary to reality- Lack other positive and negative symptoms- Types of delusions include: Erotomanic- conviction that someone else is in love with/attracted to you (often someone in a position of power, like your boss or a celebrity): Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic- relating to the body, e.g., the delusion that one must walk very carefully because one's bones are made of glass, Better prognosis than schizophrenia
Erotomanic Delusional disorder
Conviction that someone else is in love with/attracted to you (someone often in a position of power ex: boss or celebrity)
Somatic Delusional disorder
the delusion that one must walk very carefully because one's bones are made of glass
Be familiar with other conditions that can be a cause of psychosis and the importance of knowing the other causes
Psychosis may occur as the result of substance use, some medications and some medical conditions- Knowing these causes is important for treatment- Address underlying cause -Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder- Psychotic disorder associated with another medical condition
Be familiar with the typical course of schizophrenia and the prognosis.
Prodromal phase= 85% experience, 1-2 years before serious symptoms, Less severe, yet unusual

Symptoms: Ideas of reference, Magical thinking, Illusions, Isolation, Marked impairment in functioning, Lack of initiative, interests, or energy
Know what some of the different neurodevelopmental disorders are
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Specific learning disorder, Autism spectrum disorder, Intellectual Disability, Communication and Motor Disorders
Be familiar with ADHD
Inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity, Associated with numerous impairments: Behavioral, Cognitive, Social and academic problems
How common it is for ADHD to be diagnosed
Occurs in approximately 5% of school-aged children throughout the world, ADHD most commonly diagnosed in the United States, although prevalence appears fairly constant worldwide, (including adults), 3-9% meet criteria
Different subtypes of ADHD
Inattention, Overactivity and Impulsivity
From the lecture, be aware of the effects of ADHD in adulthood
Half of children with ADHD continue to have difficulties as adults.

Symptoms: Divorce, lower education, substance use, Impulsivity decreases, but inattention remains, Cognitive behavioral therapy to increase attention and organization
Be aware of the influence genetics has on a possible diagnosis of ADHD
Genes affect individuals' response to meds, Some trial and error is necessary. ADHD seems to run in families, Partially explained by copy number variants - extra or missing copies of genes on chromosome
Know what NIMH and/or CHADD have to say about diagnosing ADHD
CH.A.D.D. is a non-profit organization devoted to educating the public about attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. Genes. NIMH: Current research suggests ADHD may be caused by interactions between genes and environmental or non-genetic factors. Such as: Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, or drug use during pregnancy, Exposure to environmental toxins, such as high levels of lead, at a young age, Low birth weight, Brain injuries
Know what some of the treatments are for ADHD, including medical treatments
Biological treatments: reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity, improve attention.

Behavioral treatment: for children, Reinforcement programs increase appropriate behaviors, decrease inappropriate behaviors, May also involve parent training.

Medication: Ritalin, Dexedrine, Adderall, Imipramine and clonidine

Adults: Cognitive behavioral therapy to increase attention and organization. Combined bio-psycho - social treatments, May be superior to medication or behavioral treatments alone, but more research is needed
Know the definition for Specific Learning Disorder and how long symptoms have to persist for it to be diagnosed
Academic problems in reading, mathematics, and/or writing, Performance substantially below expected levels based on age and/or demonstrated capacity, Problems persist for 6+ months despite targeted intervention
Know some of the symptoms that help us diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorder
Two main areas of impairment: Communication and social interaction- 25% don't acquire effective speech, Restricted AND repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
Know the indicators of good prognosis for Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Failure to develop age- appropriate social relationships (maintaining, nonverbal communication, social)
Know the definition of an Intellectual disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder-
Below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning, First evident in childhood, Range of impairment varies greatly, Previously called mental retardation. Individual has difficulties in 3 domains: Conceptual, Social and Practical'
Know some of the causes for intellectual disability disorder, and be able to describe some of them briefly:
Hundreds of known causes: Environmental (e.g., neglect), Prenatal (e.g., exposures to toxins in the womb), Perinatal (e.g., problems with delivery), Postnatal (e.g., head injury)
Know the cause of Down Syndrome-
Most common chromosomal cause of intellectual disability, Extra 21st chromosome (Trisomy 21), Distinctive physical symptoms
Know something about the treatment and/or prevention of delirium-
Treatment: Attention to precipitating medical problems, Psychosocial interventions, Reassurance/comfort, coping strategies, inclusion of patients in treatment decisions. Prevention: Address proper medical care for illnesses, proper use and adherence to therapeutic drugs
Know the three different types of Neurocognitive Disorders either from the lecture or text and how they are described
-delirium: impaired consciousness and cognition
-dementia: Gradual deterioration of brain functioning, judgment and memory, language / advanced cognitive processes
-alzheimer's:
Delirium
Impaired consciousness and cognition
Dementia
Gradual deterioration of brain functioning, judgment and memory, language / advanced cognitive processes
Mild neurocognitive disorder:
New DSM-5 classification for early stages of cognitive decline, Individual is able to function independently with some accommodations (e.g., reminders/lists)
Know what agnosia is
Failure to recognize objects (often associated with Alzheimer's)
Know the most common type of major neurocognitive disorder is
Dementia
Know the causes of Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
Caused by blockage or damage to blood vessels, Second leading cause of neurocognitive disorder after Alzheimer's disease, Onset is often sudden (e.g., stroke), Patterns of impairment are variable, Most require formal care in later stages
Be aware of the causes of Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease-
Degenerative brain disorder, Dopamine pathway damage - shortage of dopamine, 1 out of 1,000 people are affected worldwide, Chief difficulty: motor problems. Tremors, posture, walking, speech, Not all with PD will develop dementia, 75% survive 10+ years after diagnosis
Know what Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is and with what it is associated-
is a rare, degenerative, invariably fatal brain disorder, Affects one out of 1,000,000 persons, Linked to mad cow disease
Know about the neurocognitive disorder that is caused by alcoholism, and some of the symptoms or problems associated with it.-
Substance/ Medication-induced Neurocognitive Disorder- Brain damage may be permanent- Symptoms similar to Alzheimer's. Deficits may include: Memory impairment, Aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, Disturbed executive functioning
Know some facts about Neurocognitive Disorder due to HIV infection-
-HIV-1 can cause neurological impairments and dementia in some individuals
-Cognitive slowness, impaired attention, and forgetfulness
-Apathy and social withdrawal
-Typically occurs in later disease stages
-Now occurs in <10% of individuals with HIV;
HAART decreases risk
· Know some of the statistics and symptoms regarding caregivers and caregiver stress
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Know some of the facts associated with Substance/Medication-
Induced Neurocognitive Disorder- Results from prolonged drug use, especially in combination with poor diet, May be caused by alcohol, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic or inhalant drugs, Brain damage may be permanent, Symptoms similar to Alzheimer's. Deficits may include: Memory impairment, Aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, Disturbed executive functioning
Know the process of a civil commitment-
Initial stages: Person fails to seek help, Others feel that help is needed, Petition is made to a judge on the behalf of the person, Individual must be notified of the commitment process. Subsequent stages: Involve normal legal proceedings in most cases, Should a person be committed? -> This determination is made by a judge, Decision informed by expert opinions (psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers)
Know the legal definition of insanity
mental illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior.
Accused is not guilty because of insanity at time of crime
Know what is meant by "guilty, but mentally ill" as opposed to "guilty by reason of insanity"-
If you are insane at the time of the crime then you are not guilty just sent to a mental instistute. If you are guilty and mentally ill then you will recieve treatment and punishment
Know what a "duty to warn" is-
Clinicians are mandated reporters if they become aware of imminent future or ongoing danger (e.g., ongoing abuse of child/elder/disabled person, imminent risk of assault)- They must warn an individual in danger- Threats must be specific
From the lecture, know what your professor says is the first tenet of Ethics for Psychologists-
Don't have an intimate relationship with your client, HIPAA (Healthcare Information Portability and Accountability Act) - all records have to be kept confidential. Client has doctor/patient privilege
Know what happens when a psychologist gets a subpoena
If a psychologist has his/her records subpoenaed, the psychologist has to respond to the subpoena but does not have to disclose information unless court ordered by a judge.
Be familiar with Patient confidentiality-
All patient information is confidential and is kept in a safe place (double locked, password protected if on computer, encrypted computer), All patient records have to be kept at least 7 years (keep them forever), All psychologists have to have a plan in the event of the psychologists death for what will happen to the patient records, Confidentiality can be broken under certain circumstances: danger to self, danger to others (Tarisoff's warning in CA), mandated reporting, legal issues.
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