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MCAT - Princeton Review - TPR 1

Terms in this set (37)

A. 0

ΔE = Q - W

Equilibrium? ΔE = 0
Adiabatic? Means work doesn't produce heat; Q = 0

THEREFORE, W = 0 in this case.
In an adiabatic environment, if the experiment were conducted using an ideal gas, the word done by the gas in reaching equilibrium would be:

A. 0
B. +
C. -
D. cannot be determined
1. Gas particles have no volume (UH yes they do)
2. There are no intermolecular forces like attraction and repulsion, perfectly elastic (UH yes there are!)
Why are ideal gases not real? What assumptions are made in this law?
Apoenzymes are inactive enzymes missing their cofactors. A-po-t of them is missing, lol.

Holoenzyme is a biochemically active enzyme with it's cofactor in-place. W-holo-e.
What's the difference between apoenzyme and holoenzyme?
physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals; NOT NEUROLOGIC
What are prostaglandins?
B. Sphingolipids
Which of the following lipids is a key component of myelin sheaths?

A. Terpenes
B. Sphingolipids
C. Prostaglandins
D. Tocopherols
A. the connectivity of atoms in a molecule

You canceled out B & C, woo!
You said A, but didn't read D correctly. Note the difference between equivalent H's and non-equivalent H's. Make sense? Good.

The splitting pattern of each signal provides insight into the connectivity of the atoms since nonequivalent neighboring hydrogens split the signals of their neighbors (eliminate choice A).
1H NMR spectroscopy can provide all of the following information EXCEPT:

A. the connectivity of atoms in a molecule.
B. the number of nonequivalent hydrogens in a molecule.
C. the chemical environment of the hydrogen atoms in a molecule.
D. the splitting patterns of equivalent hydrogen atoms.
C. pyruvate processing

Ammonia transfer from muscle to liver is pyruvate-dependent
What process in cellular respiration would you find ammonia?

A. glycolysis
B. Kreb cycle
C. pyruvate processing
D. ETC
Positive

Addition-Elimination reactions
Reduction can have what effect on ring formation? What tends to be it's counter part?
NO! They field goes in a circle, it starts and ends in the same place. There's no displacement. W = Fd = 0 (even if there's force present, which it has).

This means, magnetic field can NOT increase the velocity of the particle. By definition of work = ΔKE = 0.5mvˆ2, if work is zero then velocity can't change.
Do magnetic fields apply work on a particle?
Glucose/Na+ co-transporters

If NaK ATPase was inhibited, the concentration gradient of Na would be change, whereby [Na] is decreased in the extracellular fluid. This would decrease glucose transport into the cells.
Secondary active transport does not directly use ATP, but instead relies on the gradient established by the direct use of ATP.

Where do you see this in cells? What would happen if the NaK ATPase was inhibited?
ΔG° = -nFE°

G = kJ
n = moles of electrons
F = C/mole e'
E = V (joules/coulombs)
How would you relate Gibbs, reduction potential, faraday's constant?
capacitance (C) = charge (Q) ÷ voltage (V)

F = C ÷ V
What's the equation for capacitance?
They are always spontaneous (G<0).
What is a distinct characteristic about galvanic cells?
anode|anode ion || cathode ion|cathode
What is the standard notation for electrochemical cells?
Transverse = EM radiation = perpendicular
Longitudinal = sound = parallel
Where do you see transverse waves? Longitudinal waves?
The amount of energy required to remove one electron?

Sr because it's closer to the nucleus
What is ionization energy?

Who's IE is larger Ba or Sr?
First, is the condition/disease caused by a dominant allele or a recessive allele? --- If the disease skips generations it is most likely recessive.

Second, is the disease allele carried on an autosome or on one of the sex chromosomes? --- If significantly more men than women are affected, the disease is most likely sex-linked.

Third question, if sex-linked, is the disease carried on the X chromosome or the Y chromosome?
What are three questions you ask when tackling a pedigree?
C. liver!

If you said gallbladder, you're stupid. Jk. Remember, it can only be stored there. This is one reason why it's not horrible to get the GB removed. It's not crucial for synthesis of any digestive components.
Where is bile produced?

A. pancreas
B. gallbladder
C. liver
D. stomach
C. ultrafiltration.


Tubular secretion occurs for ions such as K+ in the distal convoluted tubule (A is incorrect).

Reabsorption is the process by which substances in the tubular filtrate are brought back into the blood (B is incorrect).

Osmosis refers to the movement of water down its concentration gradient (D is incorrect).
The process by which the nitrogen metabolism by-product urea is removed from the blood in the glomerulus is known as:

A. tubular secretion.
B. reabsorption.
C. ultrafiltration.
D. osmosis.
Hemoglobin actually transports O2. Myoglobin simply stores O2 to be used by the muscle cell.
While both hemoglobin in blood and myoglobin in muscle can bind oxygen, only hemoglobin ....? and myoglobin ....?
3' to 5'
RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in the 5' to 3' direction, which means it must travels *** on the template strand
Crystallization separates solid compounds based on their solubilities.
How does the separation of crystallization work?
Pepsinogen --> pepsin

It's the inactive dude.
What's a zymogen?
Internal validity refers to the extent to which a causal conclusion based upon an experiment is warranted; a study that lacks systematic error is said to have internal validity.

In contrast, external validity refers to the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other situations and to other people
What the difference between internal and external validity?
Escape learning is escaping an unpleasant stimulus ("remembering you shot your wife" under popo interrogation)

Avoidance learning is trying to prevent an aversive stimulus (yelling)
What's the difference between escape and avoidance learning?
Theory of social facilitation
... states that individuals perform better at easy tasks when surrounded by others compared to when they perform such tasks in solitude
limbic system is the portion of the brain that deals with three key functions: emotions, memories and arousal (or stimulation

Hippo HAT
Limbic system is involved with what?
Executive functioning, such as inhibition and working memory, is associated with the frontal lobe
What is executive functioning and where is it's primary occurrence in the brain?
Someone denotes a person negatively and making it their "core" characteristic, rather than situational or circumstantial.
What's a key points about fundamental attribution error?
1) Utilitarian - remunerative ($ made for work/service) benefits
2) Normative - voluntary membership with similar outlooks for goals and stuff
3) coercive - involuntary like prison
What are the three types of formal organizations?
Dysthymic disorder, a less severe pattern of depression, is characterized by the sad mood, lack of interest, and loss of pleasure associated with major depression. These symptoms are milder but longer lasting.

To qualify as a dysthymic disorder, the symptoms must last for at least two years in adults and one year in children
What's dysthymic depression?
The inability to feel pleasure.

This can be seen in people who suffer fro depression.
What's anhedonia?
Dopamine
The nucleus accumbens and VTA are associated with which NT?
2. the use or abuse of the drug in response to painful emotional triggers like depression or anxiety.
Which of of the two is characterized by drug dependence?

1. severe physical withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of drug use.
2. the use or abuse of the drug in response to painful emotional triggers like depression or anxiety.
D. Closure of Na+/Ca2+ cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the photoreceptors, which are normally open during rest (in the dark)
Which of the following neurochemical changes would increase the likelihood that a visual signal will be transmitted to the brain?

A. An increase in post-synaptic glutamate released by the photoreceptors
B. An efflux of Cl- ions from the photoreceptors
C. An efflux of K+ ions from the bipolar cells
D. Closure of Na+/Ca2+ cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the photoreceptors, which are normally open during rest (in the dark)
Negative reinforcement is an operant conditioning technique in which the frequency of a desired behavior is increased by following that behavior with the removal of an unpleasant or undesirable stimulus.
What is negative reinforcement?
D. Prejudice is negative and judgmental attitudes based on beliefs, and discrimination is behavior based on those attitudes.


Prejudice = attitudes
Discrimination = behavior
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

A. Prejudice is a set of beliefs about a group of people, and discrimination is negative and judgmental attitudes based on those beliefs. Your Answer
B. Discrimination is a set of beliefs about a group of people, and prejudice is positive behavior based on those attitudes.
C. Discrimination is negative and judgmental attitudes based on beliefs, and prejudice is behavior based on those attitudes.
D. Prejudice is negative and judgmental attitudes based on beliefs, and discrimination is behavior based on those attitudes.
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