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History Midterm

Terms in this set (80)

National Historic Site
Places preserved and restored to commemorate persons, events, and activities important in our nations' history.
National Seashores
areas of coastal land and water that are protected by the US government.
National Park Service
agency that was created to conserve and protect nature, wildlife, and historically significant areas of the country.
National trails
long distance footpaths that wind through scenic areas of natural beauty.
National recreation areas
areas surrounding reservoirs impounded by dams that have been built by other federal agencies.
Fort Necessity National Battlefield
location of historical military significance due to the battle that was fought there during the French and Indian War,
Little Rock Central High School
has been restored, preserved, and designated as a national historic site to commemorate its role in the desegregation of our country's public schools.
National Parkways
Winding roads that have many historical and cultural stops along its route. NOT designed for high speed travel, but for leisurely drives.
Yellowstone National Park
America's first national park
National parks
large natural areas to be protected and managed by the federal government for the purpose of providing recreational opportunities for the general public.
Congress
has the sole power to create a national park
United States Department of the Interior
federal agency responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and resources
National Monument
An area of land preserved because it has one outstanding landmark, or object that has historic or scientific interest
Criteria for selecting area to become a national park
1. Natural beauty 2. Unique geological systems 3. Unusual ecosystems 4. Recreational opportunities
Pinnacle National Park
Newest national park
NPS designation of Mount Rushmore
It's a national memorial
National Preserve
Area of land protected primarily for the protection of certain resources. Hunting, fishing, or mining might be permitted if they do not jeopardize natural values
UNESCO World Heritage Site
landmark selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) because of its cultural, historical, or scientific significance, and is legally protected by international treaties.
Difference between national reserve and national preserve
National preserve is federal land that is also managed by the federal government. National reserve is also federal land, but it's managed by the state.
National rivers
Areas of land around streams and rivers that are preserved in their "natural state"
Streams and rivers which have not been dammed, channelized, or changed in any way
John Muir
His letters, essays, and books of were used as inspiration in creating the mission of the National Park Service.
Sierra Club's first battle
to fight grazing, hunting, and logging in Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks
Ferdinand Hayden
Leader of a geological survey (scientific research for mapping and studying the area) that was instrumental in convincing Congress to establish Yellowstone as the first national park
George Catlin
well-known painter, and the first person to call for a "nation's park" in order to save the American bison, and ultimately the Native Americans who depended on it for their survival.
Sequioa National Park and General Grant National Park
National parks that were signed into law at the same time as Yosemite
Park Grab crusade
Used his magazine "Field and Stream" to fight against the Northern Pacific Railroad and Yellowstone Park and Improvement Co. in order to protect Yellowstone from development and excessive hunting and poaching
Ahwahneechee Indian
Native Americans who called the area of Yosemite Valley their home
Advocated for Yosemite to become a national park
The Sierra Club and John Muir
Nathaniel Langford
One of the leaders of the Washburn Expedition that "discovered" and explored the area that would become Yellowstone. Was a politician on the payroll of the railroad industry who was interested in making a second transcontinental railroad, the Northern Pacific Railroad.
Mission of national parks
1. To make park lands available to all Americans 2. Preserve lands for future generations
Ways President can use the Antiquities Act
1. To designate land as a national monument to protect it due to special natural, historical, and/or cultural areas 2. Expand the boundaries of existing national monuments 2. To direct resources (for example money) toward the management of monuments 3. To re-designate national monuments as national parks
Sustainability
the practice of using natural resources in a manner that will meet the present day needs for the resource without jeopardizing the supply of the resource for future generations
Conservation/Conservationist
Natural resources should be used and managed wisely
Environment can be used in was that is sustainable
By using natural resources sustainably, they will not become depleted or permanently destroyed
Preservation/Preservationist
Much stricter approach where natural resources should not be used by humans. They should only be used for inspiration. They believe land has intrinsic value
Mesa Verde National Park
Contains ruins of the ancient Pueblo Indians (AD 600-1300) . First national park created to celebrate a prehistoric culture and its people
Antiquities Act of 1906
This federal law gave the president the authority to preserve places of scientific or historical significance, and made the unauthorized disturbance of prehistoric ruins a federal crime.
Devil's Tower National Monument
first piece of land to be protected under the Antiquities Act of 1906
Hetch Hetchy Valley
Glacial river valley in the NW section of Yosemite National Park. After the Great Fire of San Francisco the river valley was dammed. Made the public realize there needed to be a federal agency who's only responsibility was to represent and protect the interests of the national parks
Yellowstone Game Protection Act
Law that made the hunting, killing, or capturing of birds and animals in Yellowstone National Park a punishable offense. First law created to protect the wildlife in a national park.
Buffalo Soldiers
African American United States cavalry soldiers famous for their part in the Indian Wars. Were assigned to protect Sequoia and General Grant National Park.
Capt Charles Young
Leader of the Buffalo Soldiers and the first black superintendent of a national park (Sequoia National Park)
Rudyard Kipling
Famous European writer who financed his trip to Yellowstone National Park by selling articles to European newspapers describing his journey and exposing the Americans abuse and neglect of the park.
Sierra Club
Environmental preservation organization created by John Muir initially for the purpose of promoting for the protection of Yosemite National Park.
John F Lacey
Congressman in the late 1800's who wrote many important pieces of legislation that benefited America's growing conservation movement.
Laws written by John F. Lacey
1. Yellowstone Game Protection Act 2. Lacey Act of 1900 3. Antiquities Act of 1906
Gifford Pinchot
professional forester who believed in a "utilitarian" or sustainable approach to conservation, and was appointed as the first director of the newly formed National Forest Service
Lacey Act of 1900
federal law that forbid trade of ALL wildlife, fish, and plants within a national park boundary to be hunted, obtained, transported, or sold for a profit.
Richard Weatherill
excavated Mesa Verde and pushed for the federal government to turn the site into a national park to protect it from looters and vandals. Also responsible for excavating Chaco Canyon.
Boone and Crockett Club
conservation group geared toward large game hunters that was initially formed in order to work for the expansion and protection of Yellowstone National Park.
National Audubon Society
non-profit environmental organization that focuses primarily on birds that uses science, education and grassroots advocacy to promote conservation.
John Muir
Preservationist who believed forests were sacred and wanted them treated as parks, with logging, grazing, and hunting prohibited.
George Bird Grinnell
ran the story of the Yellowstone poacher, Edgar Howell, in order to create public outrage, so he could successfully lobby Congress for laws to protect the bison and large game animals in Yellowstone National Park.
James Mason Hutchings
leader of the second expedition into the Yosemite Valley, and promoter of that area, who was eventually banished from the park.
George Vest
United States senator from Missouri who helped defend Yellowstone National Park by introducing and passing laws that regulated corruption in Congress caused by the railroad lobby and Yellowstone Park and Improvement Company
Frederick Law Olmstead
landscape architect who wrote a report on Yosemite that recommended 1) its land be accessible to everyone and 2) there needs to be strict laws in place to protect it.
General Phillip Sheridan
Commander of the U.S. Army, who oversaw most of the American West, that dispatched the United States Cavalry to take control of Yellowstone National Park to protect it from poachers and vandals.
John Conness
California senator who proposed a bill to preserve Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Trees as an area to be used for public use and recreation only.
Stephan Mather
took 15 of the wealthiest, and most influential men in America on a two-week luxury camping experience in the Sierra Nevada Mountains to convert them into defenders of the wilderness.
Glacier National Park
created to protect the beaver and big-horn sheep from excessive hunting, and protect the land from mining.
Clara Hodges
first female park ranger for the National Park Service.
Zion National Park
national park known for its canyons of Navajo Sandstone that was originally known as Mukantuweap National Monument.
Stephen Mather
Created a massive publicity campaign to create the National Park Service, and in eventually became the agency's first director. Knew the way to get Congress to pass legislation, and set aside money for the parks, was by increasing park tourism. Launched a crusade to increase the popularity of the parks
Horace Albright
assistant to Stephen Mather and eventually took over as the second director of the National Park Service
Critical tasks for Mather and Albright after establishing the NPS
1. Increasing tourism 2. Obtaining funding for the national parks by Congress 3. Hiring competent people to run the parks 4. Creating infrastructure in the parks to support tourism
Horace Albright
helped acquire land in the eastern United States to create national parks like Acadia National Park and the Great Smokey Mountains National Park.
President
Because of the Antiquities Act, has the power to create national monuments by way of executive order
John D Rockefeller
Billionaire and conservationist who donated millions of dollars towards the creation and expansion of national parks across the nation.
Parks Rockefeller purchased or donated money for
Grand Teton National Park, Acadia National park, Great Smokey Mts National Park,
Ansel Adams
famous black and white nature photographer who used the national parks as his inspiration. Was hired as the official photographer of the National Park Service, and worked with Harold Ickes to push for the creation of Kings Canyon National Park.
George Melendez Wright
Biologist for the NPS whose research resulted in changing park practices such as feeding bears at dumps and killing predators. Unless threatened with extinction within a park, each species should be left to "carry on its struggle for existence unaided."
Everglades National Park
First national park created for the preservation of animals, plants, and the environment that sustained them. Governor Broward wanted to drain the Everglades to make the land more conducive to development and farming.
Marjory Stoneman Douglas and Ernest Coe
People who advocated for the protection of the Everglades
Juanita Greene
Journalist and environmentalist who, along with Lancelot Jones, spearheaded the movement to stop commercial development of Biscayne Bay in the 1960s
Horace Kephart
Was worried that the Smokies were being destroyed by clear cutting, he took up the cause for saving the mountains as a national park by writing influential articles, and mapping the mountains.
George Masa
Worked with his friend Horace Kephart to protect the Smokey Mts from deforestation. He brought attention to the uniqueness of the area through his photography. His photos inspired John D. Rockefeller to donate money to necessary to buy the land to create the park.
Civilian Conservation Corps
Unemployment relief program during the Great Depression for young single men between the ages of 18-25 where they built roads, dams, and visitors centers in the national parks. Also protected fish and wildlife habitats, and planted millions of trees.
Franklin D Roosevelt
Created the New Deal unemployment relief program called the Civilian Conservation Corps
Harold Ickes
Secretary of the Interior under FDR during the 1930's. Abolished segregation in the Dept. of Interior, and made the national parks in the South ignore local Jim Crow laws requiring separate facilities for blacks
Impact of WWII on the national parks
1. CCC camps shut down 2. Most park rangers and employees were drafted into the war 3. Park budgets were severely cut 3. Tourism dropped dramatically due to gas rationing 4. Faced pressures to open the parks to hunting and mining
National parks role in WWII
Were used for military efforts like survival training, weapons testing sites, and rest and recreation camps for the soldiers.
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