Myers Psychology for AP 2e - Unit 1

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empiricism
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Terms in this set (34)
empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 003)
structuralism
early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 004)
functionalism
early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 004)
experimental psychology
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 005)
behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 006, 266)
humanistic psychology
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 006)
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 007, 119)
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 007)
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 009)
natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 010, 135)
levels of analysisthe differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 011)biopsychosocial approachan integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 011)behavioral psychologythe scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 012)biological psychologythe scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.) (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 012, 077)cognitive psychologythe scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 012)evolutionary psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 012, 135)psychodynamic psychologya branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 012)social-cultural psychologythe study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 012)psychometricsthe scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 013)basic researchpure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 014)developmental psychologya branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 014, 462)educational psychologythe study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 014)personality psychologythe study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 014)social psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 014, 754)applied researchscientific study that aims to solve practical problems. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 014)industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologythe application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 014, 828)human factors psychologyan I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 014, 828)counseling psychologya branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 014)clinical psychologya branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 014)psychiatrya branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 015)positive psychologythe scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 015, 590)community psychologya branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 015)testing effectenhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 016, 324)SQ3Ra study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 016)