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history midterms 2018 (terms to know)

Terms in this set (32)

"The Prince"
Niccolò Machiavelli examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies
treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494), agreement between Spain and Portugal. Declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the eat of the line wold belong to Portugal
Middle Passages
the voyage that brought captured africans to the West Indians, and later to north and South America, to be sold as slaves- so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade
Reign of Terror
the period, from mid- 1793 to mid- 1794, when Maximilien Robespierre rules France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed
conservatism
political doctrine that emphasizes the value of traditional institutions and practices.
realpolitik
the politics of reality- the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism
Utopia
an imaginary land described by Thomas more in his book utopia, hence an idea place
Heliocentric theory
the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
Humanism
a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Aztecs
The major civilization in Mexico after the fall of Tula and the Toltec civilization. The Aztecs, also known as the Mexica, originally came from the north and pushed into central Mexico along with many other groups.
Ecomienda System
a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas's including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
Peninsular
in Spanish colonial society, colonist who were born in Spain
Liberalism
focus on change (radical or small) and rights of people
industrial revolution
the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine
Laissez- faire
the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses
Committee of Public Society
12 member committee that ruled with absolute power; goal was to defend France from antirevolutionaries; led by Robespierre; ran the Reign of Terror
Secularism
an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
incas
located in South America
Divine Right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives in earth and are therefore answerable only to God
Creole
in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents
Nationalism
the belief that people should by loyal mainly to their nation- that is, to the people with whom they share a cultural and history- rather than to a king or empire
Capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit
"The wealth of nations"
nfluential book in which Adam Smith argued that a free market should be allowed to regulate business activity
Predestination
the doctrine that God had decided all things beforehand, including which people will eternally saved
Columbian exchange
the global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas
The Social Contract
argument by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government
Mestizo
a person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
the congress of Vienna
a series of meeting in 1814-1815 , during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon
Communism
an economic system in which all means of production- land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses- are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods are services are shared equally
Edict of Nantes
1598 declaration in which he French king Henry IV promised that Protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus a Roman Catholic Religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Mercantilism
an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts go gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
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