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Chapter 1: The study of life

Terms in this set (60)

Biology
the study of life
Study of the smallest ____ to the largest ___
atom; biosphere
Contains studying life over huge spans of time
from contemporary organisms to ancestral life forms. 4 billion years ago to today.
Homo sapien
"the man who knows"
We share common traits with other organisms but are more
specialized in certain traits
We study biology to learn about ___ and our world
ourselves!
New research methods developed over past decades present an information explosion.
Ex. Human Genome Project
Technological advances yield new info that changes the framework accepted by majority of biologists.
Ex. World Wide Web, computer accessibility.
Biology is a continuous state of ____ due to rapid flow. However, there are enduring unifying themes that pervade the science of biology.
flux;
Hierarchy of organization: Life is organized on many structural levels (LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION) with each level buildings on the levels below it.
TRUE
Atoms make up
molecules (biological) (protein, sugar)
molecules make up
subcellular organelles (mitochondria, ribosomes)
subcellular organelles make up
cells (basic unit of life)
similar cells make up
tissues
similar tissues make up
organs
similar organs make up
organ systems
organ systems working together make up
complex organisms
atoms, molecules, and subcellular organelles are
nonliving
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and complex organisms are
living
population
localized group of organisms belonging to the same species
community
population of species living in the same area
ecosystem
energy-processing system of community interactions that include non-living environmental factors (soil, water)
biomes
large scale communities classified by predominant vegetation type and distinctive combinations of plants and animals
biosphere
sum of all earth's ecosystems
what is the order of the levels of organization beyond the individual organism?
population, community, ecosystem, biomes, biosphere.
all living organisms contain
carbon!! (C)
Emergent property
one of the ten themes; each level of organization has this; they result from the interactions between components; associated with life, order, reproduction, growth and development, energy utilization, response to the environment, homeostasis,adaptation. with each step upward in the hierarchy, new properties emerge that were not present at simpler organization levels
Pasteur
theory of biogenesis- life comes only from life.
Metabolism
the total of all life processes that keeps us alive.
Anabolism
when simple substances are made into complex substances. ex. amino acids make proteins. glycerol plus fatty acids make lipids (or fat)
Catabolism
breaking down of complex substances into simpler ones. ex. sugar broken down into individual glucose molecules.
Evolution means
change.
amino acids are the
building blocks of protein
holism
the principle that higher level of order cannot be explained by examining parts individually when taken apart.
Reductionism
The principle that complex systems can be understood better by studying its individual parts. Ex. Watson and Crick deduced the role of DNA in inheritance by studying its molecular structure.
Cell
basic unit of life
Robert Hooke
Father of Biology. 1665-Discovered the cell
Anton van Leeuwenhok
1600s; used microscope to observe living organisms in pond water; blood cells, animal sperm cells.
Schleiden and Schwann
using microscope discovered that all living things are made of cells which formed the basis of the Cell Theory
Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells. all cells come from pre existing cells. The cell is the smallest form of life.
2 types of cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
lack organelles and membrane enclosed nucleus but does contain DNA. Ex. bacteria, blue green algae (Kingdom Archaebacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria) TOUGH EXTERNAL WALLS. SMALLER THAN EUKARYOTIC CELLS.
Eukaryotic cells
HAS MEMBRANE ENCLOSED NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES. Ex. amoeba, trees, mushrooms, humans (Kingdom Protistsa, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Anamalia. contains DNA in nucleus and organized into chromosomes. cytoplasm (blood of cell) surounds nucleus and contains organelles. cell walls for plants.
Heritable Information
The continuity of life is based on DNA.
genes
units of inheritance given from parent to offspring in a precise order.
4 nucleotides
adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine.
A feeling for organisms
enriches the study of life.
form fits function
the relationship between an organism's structure and how it works.
knowing a structure's function gives insights about
its construction
ecosystems dynamics include 2 major processes
nutrient cycling, energy flow
unity in diversity
1.5 million species identified and named. 260, 000 plants. 50,000 vertebrates. 750, 000 insects.
taxonomy
branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms.
core theme of biology is
evolution
Charles Darwin
1859-Father of Evolution. "Descent with Modification-species change, the most recent species arose from a succession of ancestors though this process. a mechanism for evolutionary change is survival of the fittest or natural selection
hypothetico-deductive method
a problem solving approach
Scientific Method
1. Observe/State problem 2. Form hypothesis 3. Test hypothesis through experimentation 4. collect/analyze data 5. for a conclusion 6. report results.
Scientific Theory
comprehensive conceptual frameworks which are well supported by evidence and widely accepted in scientific community.
Biology is multi-disciplinary science
chem, physics, mathematics.
Basic research
is for the sake of knowledge and not to solve problems
applied research
take the basic research and apply to a problem.
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