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Intro A&P chapter 5

Terms in this set (88)

What are the components of the skeletal system?
Bones (Skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments.
What are the two subdivisions of the skeleton?
Axial Skeleton- bones forming the axis of the skeleton (skull, rib cage, vertebral column)
Appendicular Skeleton- bone forming the appendages (pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs)
What are the different functions of the bone?
Support- the body weight
Protection- of soft tissues and organs.
Movement- gives the muscles something rigid to pull on.
Storage- of minerals and fats.
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)- constant divisions of stem cell within the red marrow of bones produces all the different blood cells.
How many bones are in the adult skeleton?
206 total bones.
What are the different types of bone tissue found in bone?
Compact bone tissue- gross anatomy it appears dense, smooth and homogeneous.
Spongy bone- gross anatomy it exhibits small needle like pieces of bone called trabeculae. There are many interconnected spaces between the trabeculae.
What is the basis of bone classification?
Long, flat, short & irregular bones.
Long bone?
Shaft like bones with expanded ends.
Femur (thigh bone) humerus (upper arm bone)
Flat bones?
Thin, plate like bones which are usually curved.
Cranial bones, sternum.
Short bones?
block shaped (cube shaped) bones.
Tarsals and carpals.
Irregular bones?
Irregular shape which does not fit well into any other category.
Vertebrae, hip bones.
What are the different parts of a long bone?
Diaphysis, Periosteum, Epiphysis, Articular cartilage, Epiphyseal plate, Epiphyseal line..
Diaphysis of long bone?
Shaft of the bone making up most of its length.
Consists of an interior medullary cavity surrounded by a collar of compact bone.
Periosteum of long bone?
A dense connective tissue membrane covering the outside of the diaphysis.
Covers and protects the bone.
Epiphysis of long bone?
The expanded ends of a long bone.
Interior of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone.
Are the regions of the bone which form joints (articulations)
Articular cartilage of long bone?
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage which covers the articular (joint) surfaces of the epiphysis.
Protects and reduces friction at the articular surfaces.
Epiphyseal plate of long bone?
Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, still growing long bones.
Located between the diaphysis and each epiphysis.
Activity responsible for the length wise growth of a long bone.
Epiphyseal line of long bone?
Remnants of the Epiphyseal plate after plate closure.
Seen in adult bones.
Marrow cavity's of long bone?
Cavities within bones containing bone marrow.
Medullary cavity- contains yellow marrow, mostly fat in adults.
Spongy bone cavities- contains red marrow, most constantly dividing stem cells.
What are bone markings?
Are the various features on the surface of a bone.
The bumps & projections.
-attachment sites for muscles and ligaments (tuberosity)
-help form a joint. (Head)
The grooves & holes.
-passages for nerves and blood vessels. (Foramen)
What are the parts associated with the histology of compact bone tissue?
Compact bone tissue consists of histological units called osteons.
Osteons look like long cylinders which run the length of the bone.
Parts of the Osteon?
Central canal, Osteocytes, Canaliculi.
Central canal of Osteon?
Canal running the length of the osteon and contains blood vessels & nerves which nourish the bone cells.
Osteocytes of Osteon?
Bone cells trapped within the hard intercellular matrix in cavities called lacunae.
Canaliculi of Osteon?
Small canals in the intercellular matrix through which extensions of the osteocytes grow.
Allows nutrients to be passed between cells trapped within the hard bone matrix.
What are the two main components of the intercellular matrix of bone tissue?
Inorganic & organic component.
Inorganic component?
Calcium salts which makes the bone tissue strong & hard.
Without enough calcium salts, the bone is to "soft".
Organic component?
Mostly collagen which makes the bone tissue slightly flexible.
Without enough collagen, the bone is to "brittle".
What is ossification?
Is the process of bone tissue formation.
Endochondral ossification?
Within hyaline cartilage "models"
Type of ossification that forms the long bones of the skeleton.
intramembranous ossification?
Within fibrous membranes.
Type of ossification forming most flat bones of the skeleton.
What are the characteristics of endochondral ossification?
1. Diaphysis of cartilage model covered by a bone collar.
2. Enclosed cartilage deteriorated and is replaced by spongy bone.
3. Newly formed bone in the diaphysis is digested resulting in a medullary cavity.
4. Epiphysis of cartilage deteriorate and are replaced by bone.
Remnant cartilage- 1. Articular cartilage on the articular surfaces. 2. Epiphyseal plates- between the diaphysis and epiphysis.
What are the characteristics of bone growth in length?
-Involves activity at the Epiphyseal plates.
-New cartilage is added on the external face of Epiphyseal plates.
-Old cartilage is replaced by bone tissue on the internal face of the Epiphyseal plates.
-As a result, the diaphysis of the bone is lengthened and the epiphyses are pushed farther apart.
Plate closure- when the Epiphyseal plates are replaced by bone and bone growth in length stops.
What are the characteristics of appositional bone growth?
Growth in diameter.
-Bone is added by bone forming cells (osteoblasts) on the external bone surfaces must under the periosteum.
-Bone is digested by bone digesting cells (Osteoclasts) on the internal bone surfaces.
-Unlike growth in length, appositional growth can occur throughout life.
What is bone remodeling?
Is the gradual and continual "turn over" of bone tissue within the bones of a skeleton.
Remodeling involves the continual activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and occurs throughout life.
What are the factors which influence bone remodeling?
1. Blood calcium levels.
-thus bone remodeling helps regulate blood calcium levels.
2. Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton (stress)
-thus bone remodeling helps make bones stronger or weaker where needed.
What is PTH?
If blood calcium levels drop then.
-The parathyroid glands in the neck release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-Bone digestion by osteoclasts (remodeling) increases on the bone surfaces.
-Calcium is released from the bone into the blood.
-Blood calcium levels rise to normal.
If blood calcium levels rise?
The thyroid gland in the neck releases calcitonin.
Bone deposit by osteoblasts increases.
Calcium is move from the blood to the bone.
Blood calcium levels drop to normal.
What is hypocalcemia?
Electrolyte disorder characterized by low blood calcium levels.
What is hypercalcemia?
Electrolyte disorder characterized by high blood calcium levels.
What is a bone fracture?
A crack or break in a bone.
What are the types of bone fractures?
Stress, Pathologic, Closed (Simple), Open (Compound).
stress fracture?
Fracture of a healthy bone due to excess stress.
Pathologic fracture?
Fracture of a bone from normal forces bc bone is weakened from disease.
Closed (Simple) fracture?
Break that does not penetrate the skin.
open (compound) fracture?
Broken bone penetrates through the skin.
How are bone fractures treated?
By reduction and immobilization.
Reduction- aligning the broken ends of the bone if displaced.
•closed reduction- bones are manually coaxed info position by physicians hands.
•open reduction- bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery.
Afterward the bone basically heals itself in a series of steps.
What are the steps of bone fracture repair?
Hematoma- blood clot forms within fracture site.
Fibrocartilage callus- cartilage slowly replaces the blood clot within the fracture site.
Bony callus- bone slowly replaces the fibrocartilage callus.
Bone remodeling- bone in fractured region slowly remodeled fo normal shape in response to stresses.
What is the axial skeleton?
Are the bones forming the longitudinal axis of the body.
What are the 3 parts of the axial skeleton?
Skull, Vertebral column, Bony thorax (rib cage)
What are the 2 parts of the skull?
Cranium- bones which enclose the brain.
Facial bones- bones of the face and lower jaw.
Cranial bones?
Cranial bones encase and protect the brain.
Frontal, Occipital, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Parietal, Temporal bones.
Facial bones?
Maxillae, Zygomatic, Palatine, Nasal, Lacrimal, Nasal conchae, Mandible, Vomer.
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Are bone cavities situated around and connected to the nasal cavity.
Functions- lighten the skull & amplify sounds as we speak.
They are named after the bone they are contained with.
Sinusitis?
Is the inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the paranasal sinuses.
What are the characteristics of the hyoid bone?
Is a small u-shaped bone imbedded in the tissue of the neck.
Is the only home that does not articulate with another bone.
Serves as a moveable bone for the tongue and aids in swallowing and speech.
What are the characteristics of the Fetal skull?
Different from the adult in that the bones are not fully formed and have gaps between them.
Fontanels- the gaps, covered by fibrous membranes, between adjacent cranial bones.
Fontanels are also called soft spots.
Functions- allow skull compression during birth & allow the brain to grow during later pregnancy and infancy.
Bone tissue eventually replaces the fibrous membrane and the bones grow/fuse together.
What is the function of the vertebral column?
Consists of 35 interconnected vertebral bones (vertebrae) most of which are separated by intervertebral discs.
Provides support of body weight.
What are the different classes of the vertebrae?
Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
Sacral vertebrae (S1-S5 fused) entire fused body called the sacrum.
Coccygeal vertebrae (3-5 fused) entire fused body called coccyx.
Thoracic cage?
Forms a bony cage to enclose and protect major organs. (Rib cage)
3 parts of the thoracic cage?
1. The 12 thoracic vertebrae
2. 12 pairs of ribs.
3. Sternum.
What are the components of the Appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the pectoral hurdle and upper limbs.
Bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
What are the parts of the Pectoral girdle? (shoulder)
Composed of bones that support and attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
1. R & L scapula (shoulder blades)
2. R & L clavicle (collar bones)
Is a weak girdle since it's not a weight bearing girdle.
Bones of the upper limbs? Arm & forearm.
R & L humerus
-bones of the upper arm
-proximal end forms part of the shoulder joint.
-distal end forms part of the elbow joint.
R & L radius & ulna.
-bones of the forearm
-ulna the medial bone in anatomical position.
-radius the lateral bone in anatomical position.
-proximal ends help form the elbow joint.
-distal end help form the wrist joint.
Bones of the upper limbs? Wrist & hand.
Carpals- bones of the wrist.
Metacarpals- bones of the palm (5 per hand)
Phalanges- bones of the fingers and thumb. 14 in each hand.
4 fingers with 3 phalanges each
1 thumb with 2 phalanges
pelvic girdle? Is formed by-
R & L coxal bones.
Sacrum & Coccyx
3 bones which fuse to form a coxal bone?
1. Llium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis.
pelvic girdle?
Is heavy and strong bc it's weight bearing.
The entire weight of the upper body rests on the pelvic girdle when standing.
Also protects organs within the pelvic cavity- internal reproductive organs & urinary bladder.
Gender differences of the Pelvis.
Female is shorter, wider, true pelvis larger and wider, adaptive for child bearing.
gender differences of the pelvis?
Male is taller, narrower, true pelvis smaller and narrower, not adapted for child bearing.
Bones of the Thigh?
R& L femurs- bones of the thigh.
The heaviest, strongest individual bones in the body.
Proximal end helps form the hip joint.
Distal end helps form the knee joint.
Bones of the lower leg?
R & L tibia & fibula.
Tibia- (shin bone)- the medial of the lower leg bones.
Proximal end helps form the ankle joint.
Distal end helps form the ankle joint.
Fibula- the lateral of the lower leg bones.
Is not a weight bearing bone.
Knee cap?
R & L patella.
Covers and protects the anterior portion of the knee joint.
Ankle & foot?
Tarsals 7 bones forming the ankle.
(Calcaneus- heel bone)
Metatarsals 5 bones forming the sole of the foot.
Phalanges 14 bones forming the toes.
4 does with 3 phalanges each
Great toe with 2 phalanges.
What are joints?
A location in the skeleton where two bones join.
Also called articulations.
functions of joints?
Provide mobility to the skeleton- shoulder.
Tightly join neighboring bones into one rigid structure.- suture of the cranium.
Joints are a compromise between mobility and stability.
Two ways joints are classified?
Functional- classified based of the degree of motion.
Structural- classified based on the structure of the joint.
functional classification of joints?
Synarthroses- name given to immovable joints. (Suture of the cranium)
Amphiarthroses- name given to slightly movable joints. (joints between the vertebrae)
Diarthroses- name given to freely movable joints. (Shoulder or hip joint)
structural classification of joints?
Fibrous joints- bones are joined together usually tightly, by fibrous tissue. Most are immovable, some are slightly moveable.
Cartilaginous joints- bone are joined together by a pad or plate of cartilage. Most are slightly moveable.
Synovial joints- bones are contained in a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. All are freely movable.
synovial joints?
Articulating bone surfaces are in contact but not connected. The surfaces are enclosed within a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.
distinguishing features of synovial joints?
1.Articular cartilage- thin layer of cartilage covering the articular surfaces of both bones.
2. Articular capsule- tough fibrous protective capsule enclosing the joint.
3. Synovial membrane- lines the inside of the articular capsule and is the source of synovial fluid.
4. Joint cavity- space enclosed by the articular capsule.
5. Ligaments- cord like strands of connective tissue which add strength to the joint.
Bursae? Synovial joints.
Flattened fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid.
-associated with some, not all, synovial joints.
- helps pad and reduces friction of ligaments against bone.
-Bursitis- inflammation of the bursa. Most commonly occurs in the shoulder joint.
homeostatic imbalance?
Sprain- ligament stretching or tearing.
Tendonitis- inflammation of a tendon, the cord like structure used by muscles to attach to bones.
Arthritis- joint inflammation (swelling), most widespread crippling disease in the United States, over 100 different types, initial symptoms are pain, stiffness, swelling.
Osteoarthritis?
Arthritis as a result of deterioration of articular cartilage.
Most common form is chronic arthritis.
Probably related to normal aging and the gradual loss of cartilage.
rheumatoid arthritis?
Arthritis as a result of a immune response within the joint.
An extremely debilitating form of arthritis and can lead to severe deformities.
gouty arthritis?
Arthritis as a result of crystals forming in the joint.
Due to metabolic condition resulting in elevated levels of uric acid in the blood.
Can usually be controlled with diet.
Growth of cranium & facial bones?
Growth of cranium after birth is related to brain growth.
Growth of facial bones not dependent on brain growth.
What is microcephaly?
Condition in which a persons head usually a child is significantly smaller than normal.
Commonly due to abnormal brain development.
Osteoporosis?
Significant loss of bone density/mass resulting in weakened, diseased bones.
50 percent of women over age 65
-vertebral collapse resulted in kyphosis
-hip is also a susceptible joint.
-estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton.
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