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APUSH Ch. 15 Vocab

Terms in this set (36)

Deism
Many Founding Fathers, including Jefferson and Franklin, embraced the liberal doctrines of ____ that Paine promoted in his book, "The Age of Reason." ___ relied of reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the Bible. They rejected the concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity. Yet they believed in a Supreme Being who had created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior. ___ helped to inspire an important spinoff from the severe Puritanism of the past - the Unitarian faith.
Unitarians
Deism helped to inspire an important spinoff from the severe Puritanism of the past - the ____ faith, which began to gather momentum in New England at the end of the 18th century. They held that God existed in only one person, and not in the orthodox Trinity. Although denying the deity of Jesus, they stressed the essential goodness of human nature rather than its vileness; they proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works; they pictured God not as a stern Creator but as a loving Father. Embraced by many leading thinkers (like Ralph Waldo Emerson), the ____ movement appealed mostly to intellectuals whose rationalism and optimism contrasted sharply with the hellfire doctrines of Calvinism, esp. predestination and human depravity.
Second Great Awakening (Methodists and Baptists)
A boiling reaction against the growing liberalism in religion set in about 1800. A fresh wave of roaring revivals, beginning on the southern frontier but soon rolling even into the cities of the Northeast, sent the ______ surging across the land. It was one of the most momentous episodes in the history of American religion. It left in its wake countless converted souls, many shattered and reorganized churches, and numerous new sects. It also encouraged an effervescent evangelicalism that bubbled up into innumerable areas of American life - including prison reform, the temperance clause, the women's movement, and the crusade to abolish slavery. Methodists and Baptists reaped the most abundant harvest of souls from the fields of fertilized by revivalism. Both sects stressed personal conversion (contrary to predestination), a relatively democratic control of church affairs, and a rousing emotionalism. Peter Cartwright was the best known of the Methodist "circuit riders," or traveling frontier preachers.
revivals; Charles Grandison Finney
Bell voiced _____ was the greatest of the __ preachers. Trained as a lawyer, he abandoned the bar to become n evangelist after a deeply moving conversion experience as a young man. He held huge crowds spellbound with the power of his oratory and the pungency of his message. He led massive __ in Rochester and NYC in 1830 and 1831. He preached a version of the old-time religion, but he was also an innovator. He devised the "anxious bench," where repentant sinners could sit in full view of the congregation, and he encouraged women to pray out aloud in public. Holding out the promise of a perfect Christian kingdom on Earth, he denounced both alcohol and slavery. He eventually served as president of Oberlin College in Ohio, which he helped to make a hotbed of revivalist activity in abolitionism.
denominational diversity and slavery divisions
Revivals also furthered the fragmentation of religious faiths. Millerites, or Adventists, rose from the superheated soil of the Burned-Over District (NY) in the 1830s. Named after the eloquent and commanding William Miller, they interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return on October 22, 1844. The failure of Jesus to descend on schedule dampened but did not destroy the movement. The Second Great Awakening tended to widen the lines between classes and regions. The more prosperous and conservative denominations in the East were little touched by revivalism, and Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians continued to rise mostly from wealthier, better-educated levels of society. Methodists, Baptists, and the members of other emerging sects spawned by the swelling evangelistic fervor tended to come from less prosperous, less "learned" communities in the rural South and West. Religious diversity further reflected social cleavages when the churches faced up to the slavery issue. By 1844-1845 both the southern Baptists and the souther Methodists had split with their northern brethren over slavery. The secession of the southern churches foreshadowed the secession of the southern states. First the churches split, then the political parties split, and then the Union split.
Joseph Smith, Mormons, polygamy
In 1830, ____ - a rugged visionary, proud of his prowess at wrestling - reported that he had received some golden plates from an angel. When deciphered, they constituted the Book of ____, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (____) was launched. It was a native American product, a new religion, destined to spread its influence worldwide. After establishing a religious oligarchy, he ran into serious opposition from his non-_____ neighbors. His cooperative sect antagonized rank-and-file Americans, who were individualistic and dedicated to free enterprise. The ___ aroused further anger by voting as a unit and by openly but understandably drilling their militia for defensive purposes. Accusations of ___ likewise arose and increased in intensity, for ____ was reputed to have several wives.
Brigham Young; Salt Lake City, Utah
Continuing hostility finally drove the Mormons to desperate measures. After Joseph Smith and his brother were murdered in 1844, the falling torch was seized by a remarkable Mormon Moses named ____. He had received only eleven days of formal schooling, but he quickly proved to be an aggressive leader, an eloquent preacher, and a gifted administrator. Determined to escape further persecution, he led his oppressed and despoiled Latter-Day Saints over vast rolling plains to Utah. Under the rigidly disciplined management of ___, the community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He married as many as 27 women - some of them wives in name only - and begot 56 children. The population was further swelled by thousands of immigrants from Europe, where the Mormons had established a flourishing missionary movement. A crisis developed when the Washington government was unable to control the hierarchy of _____, who had been made territorial governor in 1850. A federal army marched in on the Mormons in 1857. Fortunately the quarrel was finally adjusted without bloodshed. The Mormons later ran afoul of the antipolygamy laws passed by Congress in 1862 and 1882, and their unique martial customs delayed statehood for Utah until 1896.
public tax-supported schools
Tax-supported primary schools were scarce in the early years of the Republic. They had an odor of pauperism about them, since they existed chiefly to educate the children of the poor. Advocates for "free" education met stiff opposition. Well-to-do, conservative Americans gradually saw the light. If they did not pay to educate other peoples "brats," the "brats" might grow up into a dangerous, ignorant rabble - armed with the vote. Taxation for education was an insurance premium that the wealthy paid for stability and democracy. Tax-supported public education, though miserably lagging in the slavery-cursed South, triumphed between 1825 and 1850. Hard-toiling laborers wielded increased influence and demanded instruction for their children. Early free schools stayed open only a few months of the year. Schoolteachers, most of them men in this era, were too often ill-trained, ill-tempered, and ill-paid. They usually only taught the "three R's" - "readin', 'ritin', and 'rithmetic."
Horace Mann and education reforms
Schoolteachers in early free schools usually only taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. Reform was urgently needed. Into the breach stepped ____, a brilliant and idealistic graduate of Brown University. As secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he campaigned effectively for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. His influence radiated out to other states, and impressive movements were chalked up. Yet education remained an expensive luxury for many communities. As late as 1860, the nation counted only about 100 public secondary schools - and nearly a million white adult illiterates. Black slaves in the South were legally forbidden to receive instruction in reading or writing, and even free blacks, in the North as well as the South, were usually excluded from schools.
Noah Webster
Educational advances were aided by improved textbooks, notably those of _____, a Yale-educated Connecticut Yankee who was known as the "Schoolmaster of the Republic." His "reading lessons," used by millions of children in the 19th century, were partly designed to promote patriotism. He devoted twenty years to his famous dictionary, published in 1828, which helped to standardize the American language.
women's education (Ohio's Oberlin College)
Women's higher education was frowned upon in the early decades of the 19th century. A woman's place was believed to be at home, and training in needlecraft seemed more important than training in algebra. Prejudices also prevailed that too much learning injured the feminine brain, undermined health, and rendered a young lady unfit for marriage. Women's schools at the secondary level began to attain some respectability in the 1820s. Oberlin College, in Ohio, jolted traditionalists in 1837 when it opened its doors to women as well as men. (Oberlin had already created shock waves by admitting black students.)
Dorothea Dix and mental health reform
Sufferers from so-called insanity were still being treated with incredible cruelty. Many crazed persons were chained in jails or poor-houses with sane people. Into this picture stepped a formidable New England teacher-author, _____. She traveled some 60,000 miles in eight years and assembled her damning reports on insanity and asylums from firsthand observations. Her classic petition in 1843 to the Massachusetts legislature, describing cells so foul that visitors were driven back by the stench, turned legislative stomachs and hearts. Her persistent prodding resulted in improved conditions and in gain for the concept that the demented were not willfully perverse but mentally ill.
American Temperance Society
This was formed at Boston in 1826. Within a few years, about a thousand local groups sprang into existence. They implored drinkers to sign the temperance pledge and organized children's clubs, known as the "Cold Water Army." Temperance crusaders also made effective use of pictures, pamphlets, and lurid lecturers, some of whom were reformed drunkards.
describe limitations on women
A wife was supposed to immerse herself in her home and subordinate to her husband. Like black slaves, should could not vote, and she could be legally beaten by her overlord "with a reasonable instrusment." When she married, she could not retain title to her property; it passed to her husband. ADD?
Quaker women; Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony
The women's rights movement was mothered by some arresting figures. Prominent among them was ____, a sprightly Quaker whose ire had been aroused when she and her fellow female delegates to the London antislavery convention in 1840 were not recognized. Quaker-reared ____, a militant lecturer for women's rights, fearlessly exposed herself to rotten garbage and vulgar epithets. She became such a conspicuous advocate of female rights that progressive women everywhere were called "Suzy Bs."
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