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WSET Level 2

Terms in this set (454)

Both Tank and Bottled-Fermented Sparking Wines start with what?
Still Base Wine, usually light in alchohol, and processes add approximately 1-2% abv
What is Tank Method?
part of fermentation takes place in sealed tank, which prevents any carbon dioxide gas from escaping
True or False: The base wine could be partially fermented must, where the last part of the fermentation takes place in a sealed tank
True
What is Prosecco?
A sparkling wine from NE Italy, and it's usually made using the tank method
What grape variety is used for Prosecco?
The Glera grape, which gives a medium body, dry or off dry sparkling wine with stone fruit flavor
What does Spumante mean?
fully sparkling wine
What does frizzante mean?
lightly sparkling wine
What is Conegliano-Valdobbiadene DOCG?
a premier sparking wine from NE Italy
What is Asti DOCG?
a sweet fruity light bodied sparkling wine from Piedmont, and it's made from Muscat

Flavors: peach, grape, rose
What is Sekt?
German word for sparkling wine, both made in Germany and Austria
What are characteristics of Sekt?
Most are simple, inexpensive tank-method wine
Medium/Dry, light in body, floral and fruity

Generally uses cheap base wines sourced from anywhere in the EU
What is the main quality advantage of Bottled Fermentation?
Through extended contact with dead yeast, the wines can gain bready, biscuity flavors
What is a base wine?
A still wine that is blended with sugar and yeast and then bottled, sealed and stored.
What is second fermentation?
Takes place, in which the wine increases slightly in alcohol, and CO2, which cannot escape from the sealed bottle, becomes dissolved in the wine.
What is yeast autolysis?
Most important part of bottle fermentation. The yeast self digest, release flavours into the wine. Flavours are described as autolytic.
What is disgorge?
The process of removing the yeast sediments after fermentation and aging in bottle.
What is the traditional method?
Bottle is slowly tipped and jiggled so the yeast cells slide into the neck of the bottle. The plug of yeast in the neck is frozen, and pops out when the bottle is unsealed. The bottle is topped up with wine and sugar.
What is dosage?
The amount of sugar added, which determines the sweetness of the final bottled product.
What is Brut?
A very small amount of sugar is used
What is the transfer method?
Method to remove the yeast. Empty the entire contents of the bottles into a tank under pressure, then filtered, and rebottled. Not permitted in Champagne or Cava.
Which grape varieties are used in Champagne to make sparkling wine?
Pinot Noir, Meunier, Chardonnay
What is Champagne's condition like?
Cool climate, chalky soils, which allow sparkling wines to have high acidity, medium body, and light alcohol. The weather varies from vintage to vintage, and the grapes do not fully ripen.
What are non-vintage wines?
a blend of different vintages for quality and consistency
What is vintage Champagne?
A portion of the best wine of exceptional years make vintage Champagne.
What is the minimum legal period of yeast autolysis?
15 months
What are Grandes Marques?
famous Champagne houses
Describe Vintage Champagne
Complex, intense fruity and autolytic flavors with vegetal, nutty or honeyed complexity from bottle age.
What is Cremant?
Indicates sparkling wine made using the traditional method. The Loire / Saumur is a major region for production. (Chenin Blanc)
Where in the Loire Valley is Cremant made?
Saumur, where Chenin Blanc is the main grape variety. It has high acidity, green and citrus fruit flavors, with some autolytic character.
What is Cava?
Spanish term for traditional-method sparkling wines. The main grape varieties are local Spanish ones.
What are Cava's characteristics?
Fairly neutral fruit flavors, hint of pear, medium acidity, and very little autolytic complexity
Characteristics of Sparkling Reds in Australia?
made with Shiraz, full bodied, with medium acidity, and intense black and red berry fruit notes.
What are 3 ways for yeast to stop processing sugar into alcohol?
1. Remove yeast, using a fine filter to ensure none remain
2.Yeast could be poisoned using sulfur dioxide
3. Fortify (add alcohol) during fermentation
What are Vin Doux Naturels?
Sweet fortified wines from Southern France such as:
Muscat de Beaumes de Venise
Muscat de Rivesaltes
What are characterisitcs of Muscat de Beaumes de Venise and Muscat de Rivesaltes?
unaged, intense fruity aromas (grape, peach, perfume). Medium/full-bodied, and sweet, with high alcohol and medium or low acidity
Where is Moscatel de Valencia from?
Spain
Where is Rutherglen Muscat from?
Northern Victoria, Australia
What are the tasting notes for Rutherglen Muscat?
Aged for a long period in oak, which oxydizes. Dried fruit and kernel flavors (raisin, prune, fig, dried apricot, coffee, toffee). Sweet, full bodied, with high alcohol and med or low acidity
What is süssreserve?
unfermented grape juice, used to sweeten medium or sweet German wines
When do yeasts die?
When alcohol reaches 15%
What are 3 ways to concentrate sugar in grapes?
1. Dry the grapes
2. Noble Rot
3. Freeze the grapes
How are grapes dried?
They shrivel on the vine, or are laid out in well-ventilated, dry spaces that encourage evaporation.
What is Botrytis cinerea?
Noble rot, it attacks the skins, weakens skins, speeding up evaporation of water. The mold adds its own unique flavors
What does Botrytis need?
ripe, healthy grapes, damp, misty mornings, warm dry afternoons to speed the drying out of the grapes
Which grape varieties are susceptible to noble rot?
Semillon, Riesling, Chenin Blanc
What are tasting notes of botrytis wines?
dried apricots, ryebread, pineapple, sweet biscuit, cabbage, orange marmalade, pineapple, mushroom
Describe Sauternes
region south of Graves AC in Bordeaux. Semillon is the main grape variety. Full bodied wines have high alcohol and citrus stone fruit and botrytis flavor (lemon, peach). Hint of new oak: vanilla, toast, coffee.
What is Tokaji?
wine from NE Hungary, the most famous are Tokaji Aszú.
What are puttonyos?
Level of sweetness in the wine. The sweetest is 6.
Describe Tokaji
Amber in color, full bodied, sweet, medium alcohol, dried fruits, sweet spices (orange peel, orange marmalade, dried apricots, raisins, cinnamon, ryebread). With age, gain notes of nut, coffee, caramel, and honey
True or False: In order to be classified as a BA or a TBA, the levels of sugar in the most are so high that they can normally be achieved with the help of botrytis.
True
Where can botrytis affected sweet wines be made in the Loire, and what grape varietal?
Vouvray AC; Chenin Blanc
Which Alsacatian grape varietals can be affected by botrytis?
Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Gris, Muscat
Which Australian grape varietals can be affected by botrytis?
Semillon; Riesling
What is Eiswein?
Sweet wine that is made from grapes crushed while still frozen so that ice crystals can be removed, leaving an intensely concentrated sugary grape syrup.
What are the characteristics of Eiswein?
pure, pronounced, varietal-fruity flavors, high acidity, full body and syrupy sweetness.
Where is Eiswein made?
Canada, Germany, Austria
What do healthy grapes need?
CO2, Sunlight, water, warmth, and nutrients
What is climate?
Weather conditions (temperatures, rainfall, sunshine)
What do Hot Climate Grape Wines have?
more alcohol, fuller body, more tannin, less acidity
What do cool climate grape wines have?
less alcohol, lighter body, less tannin, more acidity
What tasting notes does a chardonnay have in a cool climate?
Green fruit (apple, pear), citrus, high acidity, dry
What tasting notes does a chardonnay have in a moderate climate?
Citrus, stone fruit, melon, med/high acidity, dry
What are tasting notes does a chardonnay have in a hot climate?
Tropical fruit (peach, banana, pineapple, mango), medium acidity, dry
What are Chardonnay's Classical Regions?
Chablis, Puligny-Montrachet, Mersault, Mâcon, Pouilly-Fuisse
What is the purpose for Malolactic Fermentation?
To soften harsh acids. Comes from wine-making techniques, dairy flavor
What are lees?
dead yeast cells left behind after fermentation has finished.
True or False: Lees can be stirred through Chardonnay to add creamy texture
True
True or False: Flavours of toast, vanilla and coconut do not occur because of oak treatment
False
What is Chablis and where is it located?
Burgundy. Cool climate. Limestone soil.
Describe a Chardonnay from Chablis
Bone Dry, high acidity, green fruits, citrus, smoky, flinty, mineral signature. No detectable oak.
Where in the Cote d'Or is chardonnay produced and what characterisitcs?
Southern half known as the Cote de Beaune: Meursault, Puligny-Montrachet
Full bodied, complex, different flavours including citrus, white stone, and tropical fruit, oak, spice, and savoury notes
What is produced in Mâconnais?
Chardonnay from Macon, Pouilly-Fuissé.
Describe Chardonnay from Mâcon
light, melon, citrus, little or no oak
Describe Chardonnay from Pouilly Fuissé
Full bodied, pineapple, melon and oak flavors
Where is Chardonnay produced in Australia?
Premium region; Yarra Valley, Adelaide Hills, Margaret River
Where is Chardonnay produced in New Zealand?
Premium region; Hawke's Bay, Gisborne, Marlborough
Where is Chardonnay produced in Chile?
Premium region: Casablanca
Where is Chardonnay produced in Argentina?
Premium region; Mendoza
Where is Chardonnay produced in South Africa?
Premium region; Coastal Region
Where is Chardonnay produced in the US?
Premium region; California: Costal Region, Sonoma, Caneros
Where is Bulk Chardonnay made?
SE Australia, Western Cape, California, Central Valley (ChileO, Pays d'Oc IGP, Val de Loire, S. Italy, Argentina
Describe classic Australian Chardonnay
Pronounced fruit (fresh citrus, melon), well integrated oak
Describe classic New Zealand Chardonnay
concentrated citrus, tropical fruit, high acidity, pronounced oak flavor
Describe classic California Chardonnay
full bodied, intense, rich citrus, ripe peach flavors, flavors. Some can be very savoury
What white grape variaties can Chardonnay be paired with?
Chenin Blanc, Semillon, Viognier
What is Pinot Noir?
black grape with thin skins, wine that are usually light in color with low to medium levels tannins
What are characteristics of Pinot Noir in cool climates?
Vegetal (cabbage, wet leaves), high acid, low tannin
Given the right balance, what can Pinot Noir exhibit?
red fruit (strawberry, raspberry, cherry), vegetal and animal nuances (wet leaves, mushroom, gamey-meaty aromas)
What are characteristics of Pinot Noir in moderate climates?
red fruit, med/high acidity, low/medium tannins
What should a Pinot Noir from Burgundy have?
medium bodied red with a balance of red-fruit and savory aromas, light tannins, and medium to high acidity.
Where is Pinot Noir grown in France?
Burgundy: Cote de Nuits (Gevrey-Chambertin, Nuits St. Georges); Cote de Beaune (Beaune, Pommard)
What is Spätburgunder?
German Pinot Noir
Where is Spätburgunder grown?
Germany: Baden and Pfalz
What characteristics does Spätburgunder have?
Pronounced, perfumed red berry fruit and light tannins
Where is Pinot Noir grown in New Zealand and what are its characteristics?
Martinborough, Central Otago, Marlborough
Full bodied, lower acidity, more intense fruit (cherry, strawberry), spicy notes
Where is Pinot Noir grown in Australia?
Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula
Where is Pinot Noir grown in the US and what are its characteristics?
California: Sonoma, Santa Barbara, Caneros. Full bodied, intensely fruity, pronounced animal and vegetal characteristics (leather, meat, wet leaves).
Oregon
Where is Pinot Noir grown in Chile what are its characteristics?
Casablanca, San Antonio
Intensely fruity, strawberry
Where is Pinot Noir grown in South Africa?
Coastal Region
What can Pinot Noir be blended with?
Red Burgundies, Gamay, Chardonnay for Sparkling Wines
What is Cabernet Sauvignon?
a black grape that gives deeply colored wines that have lots of tannin, acidity, and strong aromas
What are typical flavors of Cabernet Sauvignon?
black fruits (black currant, black cherry), herbaceous notes (bell pepper, mint, cedar). Oak softens tannins adding smoke, vanilla, coffee, high acid, dry
What are typical flavors of Cabernet Sauvignon in a moderate climate?
black fruits (black currant, black cherry), herbaceous notes (bell pepper, mint, cedar), high acid, dry
What are typical flavors of Cabernet Sauvignon in a hot climate?
fuller bodied, black cherry, less herbaceous notes, softer tannins, high acid, dry
True or False: Because of intense fruit flavor, high levels of tannin and acidity, Cabernet Sauvignon is not a good variety for making wines that age well
False
What is Merlot?
Black grape variety, less aromatic, less intense flavors, lighter tannins and acidity than Cab, but more body, higher alcohol
What is International style Merlot's characteristics?
Black fruit (blackberry, black plum, black cherry), full body, medium or low acidity, high alcohol, medium of gentle tannins. Super ripe grapes display fruitcake, chocolate
What is cool/moderate Merlot's characteristics?
red fruit (strawberry, red berry, plum), some herbal notes (mint), and a little more tannin and acidity than the international style
What is Bordeaux's climate like?
Moderate, maritime climate with long autumns
Which 3 rivers lie in Bordeaux?
Gironde, Garonne, Dordogne
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon grown in France?
Bordeaux's left bank: Medoc, Haut Medoc (Pauillac, Margaux), Graves (Pessac-Leognan)
What are Cabernet Sauvignon's characteristics when grown in Bordeaux?
med/full body, long length, black fruit, toasty oak
Aged: vegetal, tobacco, cedar
What is the soil like in Bordeaux?
gravel mounds that grain water away and retain heat with high levels
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon grown in Australia and it's characteristics?
Coonawarra, Margaret River
mint, eucalyptus, black fruit, oak, toast, vanilla
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon grown in New Zealand and it's characteristics?
Hawke's Bay
Cab/Merlot blends, cedar, black currant
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon grown in the US and it's characteristics?
Napa Valley
soft ripe tannin, black cherry, oak flavor, fruit cake
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon grown in Chile and it's characteristics?
Central Valley
green bell pepper, black currant leaf
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon grown in Argentina and it's characteristics?
Mendoza
meat leather; Modern style: more fruity
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon grown in South Africa and it's characteristics?
Stellenbosch
less intense fruit, more herb
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon made in Bulk?
Pays d'Oc IGP, Central Valley (CA), Central Valley (Chile), Mendoza, SE Australia, Western Cape
What blends with Cabernet Sauvignon?
Merlot: Margaret River (AUS), Hawke's Bay (NZ)
Shiraz, Malbec, Carmenere
What is Merlot like in a hot climate?
Black fruit, low acid, med tannin
What is Merlot like in a moderate climate?
red fruit, medium acid, light/med tannin
Where is Merlot made in France and it's characteristics?
Bordeaux's Right Bank: St. Emilion, Pomerol
med tannin, med acidity, red fruit character (plum, red berry)
with age: cedar, tobacco
Where is Merlot made in Australia and it's characteristics?
Coonawarra: mint/eucalyptus, black cherry, oak notes (toast, vanilla)
Margaret River: high level tannins, black fruit, herb flavors (black currant, black currant leaf)
Where is Merlot made in New Zealand and it's characteristics?
Hawke's Bay: medium or high acidity and tannins, herb aromas (cedar, black currant leaf)
Where is Merlot made in the US and it's characteristics?
Napa Valley: full bodied, soft black fruit, fruitcake, oak flavors
Where is Cabernet/Merlot blended in Chile and their characteristics?
Maipo Valley, Colchagua and Cachapoal: pronounced herbal characteristics (green bell pepper, black currant leaf), black fruit (black cherry, black berry)
What is Carmenere?
old, high quality variety, originally from Bordeaux but planted in Chile. Intense color, spiced black fruit flavors (blackberry, liquorice, pepper).
Where is Merlot made in Argentina?
Mendoza
Where is Merlot made in South Africa and it's characteristics?
Stellenbosch
Blended with Cabernet, less intense fruit and more herb flavors, high levels of tannin, and acidity
Where is bulk Merlot produced?
Pays d'Oc IGP, Central Valley (CA), Central Valley (Chile), Mendoza, SE Australia, Western Cape, Northern Italy
What blends with Merlot?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Carmenere
What is Sauvignon Blanc
aromatic white grape, displays strong aromas of green fruit and vegetation (gooseberry, elderflower, green bell pepper, asparagus). High in acidity, medium bodied, and almost always dry. No oak flavors
What is Sauv. Blanc like in a cool climate?
pungent, herbaceous, green fruit, high acid, dry
What is Sauv Blanc like in a moderate climate?
less pungent, stone fruit, med/high acidity, dry
Where is Sauv. Blanc made in France?
Loire: Sancerre and Pouilly-Fumé; cool climate, dry, high acidity, medium body, moderate or pronounced aromas, green fruit, herbaceous notes (gooseberry, grass, blackcurrant leaf, nettle), smokiness

Bordeaux: "Bordeaux Blanc" Pessac-Leognan and Graves; blended with Semillon (dominating), can sustain fruit character, allow complexity to develop. SB brings aromatic fruit, acidity.
Where is Sauvignon Blanc made in New Zealand and what is its characteristics?
Marlborough; dry, high acidity, passionfruit, gooseberry, green pepper, blackcurrant leaf, pungent, intense
Where is Sauvignon Blanc made in Australia?
Adelaide hills, intensely fruity, clean
Where is Sauvignon Blanc made in US and it's characteristics?
Napa Valley, known as Fumé Blanc, grass, asparagus, spicy, oaky flavors (toast, liquorice, vanilla)
Where is Sauvignon Blanc made in Chile and it's characteristics?
Casablanca and San Antonio: Herbaceous, fruit-led
Where is Sauvignon Blanc made in South Africa and it's characteristics?
Usually less intense than New Zealand, can age in bottle, toasty complexity. More intense than Bordeaux, herbaceous
Where is bulk Sauvignon made?
Val de Loire, Pays d'Oc IGPs, Chile, California, South Africa
What is Riesling?
Aromatic white grape, fruity, floral
What is Riesling like in a cool climate?
Green, citrus fruit, high acid, dry, med or sweet
True or False: If the Riesling is harvested when ripe in cool climates, the wines have green fruit flavor (green apple, grape) with floral notes and sometimes a hint of lemon, lime
True
What is Riesling like in a moderate climate?
Citrus stone fruit are more dominant than floral, high acid, usually dry
What are some flavors of Rieslings?
smoke, honey, tropical fruit, mineral, botrytis
Name Riesling's classic regions
Germany: Mosel, Rheingau, Pfalz
What is Qualitätswein?
Basic Riesling, usually light, fruit and refreshing, with medium sweetness
What is Prädikatswein?
Wines are categorised according to sugar levels. They vary in style according to their particular prädikat
What is a Kabinett Riesling?
light in body, high acidity, apple, grape, medium sweetness, light alcohol
What is Spätlese?
Late Harvested Riesling. A bit more body, citrus, exotic fruit notes (lemon, pineapple)
What is Auslese?
Riesling with more body and exotic fruit notes (pineapple, mango) than Spätlese. Highest quality to appear as a dry wine.
What is Beerenauslese?
Late harvest Riesling made from noble rot
Where is Riesling produced in the Mosel Region and its characteristics?
Piesport, Bernkastel; lightest bodied riesling, med sweetness, high acidity; Kabitnett, Spätlese
What types of Rieslings are made in the Rheingau?
Kabitnett, Spätlese, Auslese; drier, med body
Where in Pfalz is Riesling made?
Forst, Deidesheim
Where in France is Riesling made?
Alsace
Describe an Alsacatian Riesling
Dry, medium body, green citrus, stone fruit
Late harvest: fuller bodied, late harvest, more intense flavor, hint of sweetness
Describe an Austrian Riesling
medium/full body, citrus stone fruit, med/high acidity. Can have smoky, mineral aromas
Where is Riesling made in Australia?
Clare, Eden Valley
Describe Australian Riesling
dry, medium body, pronounced lime, lemon, develops smokey aromas, honey, toast
Where is Riesling made in New Zealand?
South Island
Describe a NZ Riesling
dry, high acidity, green fruit, citrus, some develop honey with age
Name the red grapes of Bordeaux
Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Merlot, Petit Verdot
Name the white grapes of Bordeaux
Muscadelle, Sauvignon Blanc, Sémillon, Ugni Blanc
Name the 3 rivers where Bordeaux lies
Dordogne and Garonne feed into the Gironde (main river)
What is reverse osmosis and where is it used?
Wine is passed under pressure through a membrane that separates water molecules from alcohol. Creates densely concentrated wine. Used in Bordeaux
Name 4 important communes in Médoc & Haut Médoc
Margeaux, St-Julien, Pauillac, St. Estéphe
What year did the classification of the Medoc occur?
1855 under Napoleon III
What do healthy vines need?
Carbon dioxide, sunlight, water, warmth, nutrients
What style of wine can you expect in a hot climate?
More alcohol, fuller body, more tannin, less acidity
What style of wine can you expect in a cool climate?
less alcohol, lighter body, less tannin, more acidity
Moderate climate attributes for Syrah
pepper, black fruit, herbaceousness, smoked meat, and spice (black bepper), medium acidity, high tannin
Hot climate attributes for Syrah
spice, black fruit, liquorice, cloves, medium acidity, high tannin
Name flavors for Syrah
oak, vegetal, animal, chocolate
What is Syrah/Shiraz?
small grapes with thick, darkly colored skins. Makes deeply colored with medium or high levels of tannin and medium acidity
Name Syrah's Classic Region
France
Northern Rhône: Crozes-Hermitage, Hermitage, Côte-Rotie
Southern Rhône (blended): Côtes du Rhône, Côtes du Rhône Villages, Chateauneuf-du-Pape
What is GSM?
Blend of Grenache, Syrah, Mouvedre, made in the Southern Rhone
Which is better quality: Côtes du Rhône or Côtes du Rhône Villages?
Côtes du Rhône Villages
Describe Chateauneuf-du-Pape?
full bodied, medium tannins, low acidity, intense complex character, strawberry, spice (pepper, liquorice), animal (leather) notes
What are the premium regions for Syrah?
Australia
Moderate climate: Western Australia (Margaret River), Heathcoate
Hot Climate: Hunter Valley, Barossa, McClaren Vale, Coonawarra (South Australia)
Describe Australian Shiraz
Fuller bodied, softer tannins, less acidity, blackberry, plum, sweet spices, black chocolate notes, Overt oak (smoke, vanilla, coconut)
What is Grenache?
Large, thin skins, high sugar levels, low acidity
Describe tasting notes for Grenache?
red fruit (strawberry, raspberry), spicy (white pepper, liquorice, cloves). With age, spicy notes turn into toffee and leather
Can Grenache make rose?
Yes, they are full bodied with strawberry. Southern Rhone, Southern France, Spain
True or False: Adding Syrah to a Grenache-based wine boosts the levels of color, tannin and acidity, and adds a dark fruit character
True
True or False: Adding Grenache to a Syrah-based wine results in a wine with more alcohol, lower levels of tannin and acidity, red fruit character
True
Where is Grenache (Garnacha) the most planted?
Spain, Priorat
What is blended in the Rioja?
Garnacha with Tempranillo
What is Bordeaux?
Classic, moderate-climate region for wines made from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon
What does a Chateau indicate?
Wine is made from a defined piece of land, although this land may be sold or added over time. It doesn't entail the existence of the building.
What is a domaine?
a producer making wine from grapes grown in their own vineyards
What are the regions for red Bordeaux?
Bordeaux, Médoc, Haut-Médoc, Pauillac, Margaux, Saint-Emilion, Pomerol, Pessac Leognan, Graves
Which label terms are used for red Bordeaux?
Superieur, Cru Bourgeois, Grand Cru, Grand Vin
What are the regions for white Bordeaux?
Bordeaux, Graves, Pessac-Leognan, Sauternes
Which label terms are used for white Bordeaux?
Grand Cru Classe
What is Grand Vin?
indicates the main wine made by the chateau, no matter how "grand" or "humble" the wine or chateau
What is Bordeaux Superieur AC?
A designation that requires higher level of alcohol than basic Bordeaux AC.
Which appelations produce Cabernet Sauvignon dominated red wines?
Médoc AC, Haut-Médoc (Pauillac, Margaux), Graves (Pessac-Leognan)
Which appelations produce Merlot dominated red wines?
St. Emilion AC
Where is Classic Sweet Wine made in Bordeaux?
Sauternes
What is Burgundy?
Classic, moderate-to-cool climate region for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
Where are the best Burgundian wines made?
Cote d'Or: Cote de Nuits (northern half), Cote de Beaune (southern half)
For a burgundian wine, is this the correct label: Nuits-Saint-Georges AC
Yes
Where are Classic Chardonnay based White Wines made in Burgundy?
Bourgogne AC, Chablis AC, Puligny-Montrachet AC, Meursault AC, Montrachet Grand Cru AC, Macon, Pouilly-Fuisse AC
Where are Classic Pinot Noir based Red Wines made in Burgundy?
Bourgogne AC, Gevrey-Chambertin AC, Nuits-Saint-Georges AC, Beaune AC, Pmmard AC, Chambertin Grand Cru AC
Which label terms are used for red Burgundy?
Premier Cru, Grand Cru
Where is Beaujolais and which grape variety is used?
Southern Burgundy, Gamay
Describe a red wine from from Beaujolais?
Unoaked, medium or high acidity, low tannin levels, pronounced red fruit, some spice (cinnamon, pepper)
Which Beaujolais can age?
Morgon AC and Moulin-a-Vent AC
What is Beaujolais Nouveau AC
a very light style of Beaujolais released in November after the harvest
What is Beajolais Villages AC?
superior quality wines that come from the granite hills to the north of the region
What are Beaujolais Crus?
10 Villages that produce the best quality wines from Beaujolais, located in the Beaujolais Villages AC
Name some Beaujolais Crus
Fleurie AC, Brouilly AC, Morgon AC, Moulin-a-Vent
What is the role of the Vosges mountains in Alsace?
They shelter the region from rain-bearing winds blowing across northern France.
Where the vines planted in Alsace?
eastern foothills and they benefit from the morning sun
What is Alsace Grand Cru AC?
a wine from a superior vineyard site
Describe a Pinot Gris from Alsace?
full bodied, dry, medium, sweet white wines with spicy tropical fruit flavors (ginger, banana, melon), sometimes a hint of honey
Describe Gewurtztraminer
intensely perfumed white wine, that can be dry, off-dry, or medium in style and full bodied with high alcohol. Floral perfume (rose, orange blossom), tropical and stone fruit (lychee, peach, grape), and musky sweet spices (ginger, cinnamon).
Name the grape varieties used in Alsace
Riesling, Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Blanc, Muscat, Pinot Noir
What are the Loire Valley's Central Vineyard's main appellations?
Sancerre AC, Pouilly-Fume AC
Where is Touraine and which grape variety is used?
Loire Valley; Chenin Blanc
Describe a Chenin Blanc from Touraine
medium bodied wines, medium sweetness, high acidity, unoaked, citrus, green and tropical fruit (lemon, apple, pineapple) and some herbaceous aromas (green leaf)
Where in the Loire Valley is sweet wine made and which grape varietal is used?
Vouvray AC, Chenin Blanc
What are the tasting notes of Melon Blanc?
medium-bodied, dry, unoaked white wines with light almost neutral fruit and medium or high acidity
What are the appellations in the Nantais region?
Muscadet, Muscadet Sevre et Maine
What is sur lie?
wine has been bottled from a vessel containing the dead yeast left over fermentation. Gives a little more body and complexity
What are the main appellations of the Northern Rhone Valley, and the grape variety used?
Cote Rotie, Hermitage, Crozes-Hermitage; Syrah
What are the main appellations of the Southern Rhone Valley, and the grape variety used?
Chateauneuf-du-Pape, Cotes du Rhone, Cote du Rhone Villages; Grenache, Syrah
Where is the majority of IGP wines made in France?
Languedoc Roussillon: Minervois, Fitou
What grape varieties are used in IGP
Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah
What is Deutscher Wein?
Basic geographical indication
What is PGI?
Landwein
How are PDO wines labelled in Germany?
QbA (Qualitatswein bestimmer Anbaugebeite) or Pradikatswein
What is the hierarchy of Pradikatswein?
Kabinett; Spatlese; Auslese; BA (beerenauslese), and Eiswein; TBA (Trockenbeerenauslese)
What does Grosses Gewachs indicate?
high quality dry wine made from riper grapes
What are high quality dry wines called in the Rheingau?
Erstes Gewachs
What is pinot noir called in Germany?
Spatburgunder
What is Anbaugebiete?
Term for Germany's 13 quality regions
Where is Riesling made in Germany?
Mosel, Rheingau, and Pfalz
Where is Spatburgunder made?
Pfalz and Baden
What is Classico refer to?
Historic center of many DOC and DOCG regions. Located on hills, best sites and produce the best wines
What does Riserva wine mean in Italy?
indicates that a DOC or DOCG wine has achieved a higher minimum level of alcohol and has been aged for at least a minimum number of months before release
What are the most famous wines from Piemonte?
Barolo DOCG, Barbaresco DOCG
What grape variety is used to make Barolo DOCG and Barbaresco DOCG?
Nebbiolo
What tasting notes does Nebbiolo give Barolo DOCG and Barbaresco DOCG?
Full bodied, high tannins, alcohol and acidity. Red fruit flavors, floral and earth elements, sweet spice (licorice), vegetal (mushroom, meat, leather)
What other grape variety is produced in Piedmont?
Barbera
Describe Barbera from Piedmont
Light tannins, high acidity red fruit and gamey aromas. Often aged in oak, which add toast and vanilla flavors
Where is red wine made in Veneto and the grape variety?
Valpolicella and Valpolicella Classico DOC; Corvina dominating
What are the tasting notes from Valpolicella
light body, color, low tannins, high acidity with notes of sour cherry
What are the tasting notes from Valpolicella behind Verona like?
More concentration, complexity, baked fruit including plums, dried cherries and prune
What does Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG indicate?
full bodied, complex dry wine. Alcohol levels are among the highest in Italy
Where is Chianti and is dominated by which grape?
Tuscany; Sangiovese
What was Italy's first DOCG wine?
Brunello di Montalcino; Sangiovese
What type of wine does Sangiovese produce?
medium to full bodied red with high levels of tannin, acidity. Plum, earth, tomato and tea
Where is Abruzzo located?
east-central Italy
What are the tasting notes of Montepulciano d'Abruzzo DOC?
high levels of acidity, tannin, alcohol, color, black pepper, blackberry, raisin, jamminess
True or False: Montepulciano d'Abruzzo DOC and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG are the same thing.
Falso, Vino Nobilie di Montepulciano DOCG is a Chianti-style red wine made from Sangiovese near Montepulciano, Tuscany
What does IGT Sicilia allow?
less stringent laws allow IGT Sicilia to produce blending across a huge area and the grape varieties to be clearly stated on the label
Where are Primitivo, Negroamaro grown?
Sicily, Puglia
What is Taurasi DOCG?
100% Aglianico, full bodied complex floral and dark fruit aromas and high levels of tannin and acid
Where is Taurasi DOCG?
Campania
Describe Primitivo
fatter with high alcohol and a pronounced jammy note
True or False: Pinot Grigio is grown throughout Italy
True
Describe Pinot Grigio
Dry, medium, light in body, with medium acidity, neutral character. Better examples show ripe nuttiness, honey character
Where is Pinot Bianco grown?
Friuli
Where is Soave and Soave DOCG grown?
near Valipolicella
What is Garganega?
a late ripening variety wit floral notes of chamomile and iris
What is Gavi and the grape variety?
From Piemonte, made from Cortese. Candied fruit and citrus, light and high acid
What is Verdicchio?
High acid, occasionally full bodied white with intriguing herbal notes of lemon, fennel and bitter almond
Where is Verdicchio produced?
Le Marche, and it's labelled as Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC
What is Trebbiano?
appears as a varietal for bulk blends
What is the increasing age order for Spanish wines?
Crianza, Reserva, Gran Reserva
What does Joven mean?
Wine that has not been aged in oak
What is the most important region for premium Spanish reds and what is its main grape varietal?
Rioja DOCa; Tempranillo
What is Tempranillo blended with?
Garnacha (Grenache), which supplies high alcohol and spicy notes with light tannins
Describe a Tempranillo wine
medium bodied, medium acidity, medium tannin, red fruit flavors.
True or False: Much of the character of traditional style Riojas come from oak aging
True
What does oak ageing do to traditional Riojas?
softens tannins, sweet coconut, vanilla. Over time adds meat, leather, mushroom
Which grape varietal is used in Ribera del Duero DO?
Trempanillo
Describe a wine from Ribera del Duero?
black fruit flavors (blackberry, plum), and toasty oak flavors
In Navarra DO, what is Tempranillo blended with?
Merlo, Cabernet Sauvignon
What does Priorat produce?
Grenache based blends
What are premium quality regions for reds in Spain?
Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Navarra, Priorat, Catalunya
What grape varieties are used in Catalunya?
Tempranillo, Garnacha, and international grape varieties (Chardonnay)
What grape variety is used in the Rias Baixas?
Albarino
Describe an Albarino
light to medium body wines, fresh green and citrus fruit (apple, pear, grapefruit), refreshing high acidity
Describe traditional white Rioja
full bodied with nutty, oaky flavors
True or False: oak aging techniques used in Rioja are used throughout Spain
True
Where is Rose made in Spain?
Navarra
Describe a modern white from Rueda
Riper fruit (melon, peach) and are medium or full in body. Some are oaked.
Where is bulk wine produced in Spain?
La Mancha DO and Valdepenas DO
What does Valencia DO produce?
red, white, rose, dry, medium, sweet
What is Portugal's most well known region?
Douro DOC
What is Portugal known for?
Port
What is Touriga Nacional?
The best Portuguese grape, which gives low yiels that are deep in color, high in acid and tanni, with intense flavors of dark berry fruits (blackberry, black currant, pepper, clove). Usually aged in oak
What is the most important wines for bulk production in Portugal?
Vinho Verde. Unoaked, light-bodied, light alcohol, high acidity and slight fizz. Citrus and green fruit notes (lemon, apple)
Does Portugal produce rose?
Yes, and they follow the Vinho Verde style, redcurrant and rasperry flavors.
Where is S. Africa's vineyards grown?
Cape of Good Hope, where cold Atlantic Ocean breezes cool the hot region
Where are Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot produced in S Africa?
Coastal Stellenbosch
Where is Chardonnay produced in S Africa?
Coastal
Where is Sauvignon Blanc produced in S Africa?
Coastal, Constantia
What are Western Cape wines?
Inexpensive, high volume wines, made from fruit sourced from throughout all the wine regions.
What grape variety is widely grown, mainly for large volume consumption in S Africa?
Chenin Blanc
Describe a Chenin Blanc from S Africa?
Medium bodied, dry or off dry, citrus and tropical fruit flavors. Medium or high acidity. Premium Chenin Blanc from S. Africa have oak flavors.
What is Pinotage?
a black grape variety that was developed specially for the hot S. African conditions.
Describe a Pinotage wine?
full bodied, medium tannins and red fruit flavors, vegetal and animal notes (tar, leather)
Where is Shiraz produced in a hot climate in AUS?
Barossa Valley, Hunter Valley, McLaren Vale
Where is Shiraz produced in a moderate climate?
Heathcote, grown throughout almost all the Australian winemaking regions
Where is Chardonnay produced in Australia?
Yarra Valley, Adelaide Hills, Margaret River
Where is Pinot Noir produced in Australia
Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon produced in Australia?
Margaret River, Coonawarra
Where is Sauvignon Blanc produced in Australia?
Adelaide Hills
Where is Semillon produced in Australia?
Hunter Valley (which is inland)
Where is Riesling produced in Australia?
Clare Valley, Eden Valley
Describe a Hunter Valley Semillon
Dry, light body and alcohol, delicate citrus aromas, verging on neutrality when young. Gains toast, hone, nut flavors
True or False: Semillon wines from other parts of Australia don't range from medium bodied simple citrus wines that are intesely vegetal and pungent
False
Which rivers in Australia assis in irrigation?
Murray, Darling, Murrumbidgee
How many wine growing regions are there in NZ?
10
What wine regions are located in the North Island in NZ?
Hawke's Bay, Gisborne, Martinborough
What wine regions are located in the South Island in NZ?
Marlborough, Central Otago
Where is Sauvignon Blanc produced in NZ?
Marlborough (South Island)
Where is Chardonnay produced in NZ?
Gisborne, Hawke's Bay, Marlborough
Where is Pinot Noir produced in NZ?
Martinborough, Marlborough, Central Ortago
Where are Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grown in NZ?
Hawke's Bay
Where are Alsactian varities are grown in NZ?
South Island
Where does the bulk inexpensive production occur in California?
Central Valley
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grown in CA?
Napa Valley, Sonoma County
Where is Chardonnay grown in CA?
Sonoma County (Caneros, Russian River), Napa Valley
Where is Sauvignon Blanc grown in CA?
Napa Valley
Where is Pinot Noir grown in CA?
Sonoma County (Caneros, Russian River), Santa Barbara County, Oregon State
What is Zinfandel?
black grape, variety for premium quality wines in California
Describe Zinfandel
Full bodied, high alcohol, black fruit, dried fruit, sweet spices (blackberry, prune, raisin, clove, liqourice)
How old can Zinfandel be in CA?
over 100 years old.
What is Chilean soil like?
fertile soil , good supply of irrigation water from rivers
Where are inexpensive wines made in Chile?
Central Valley, which runs North-South between the Coastal mountain range and the ANdes
What do the best Chilean sites take advantage of?
Cooling breezes, coastal fogs from the cold Pacific Ocean
Where are Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot planted in Chile?
Maipo, Rapel Valley (Colchagua and Cachapoal)
Where is Chardonnay planted in Chile?
Casablanca?
Where is Pinot Noir planted in Chile?
Casablanca, San Antonio
Where is Sauvignon Blanc planted in Chile?
Casa Blanca, San Antonio
What is Carmenere
a very important grape variety in Chile, originally a Bordeaux variety, which was introduced to Chile.
Describe Carmenere
Deep in color, medium/full boded, medium or high acidity, and alcohol, high levels of tannin. Dark fruit (blackberry) and peppery spice.
Describe underripe Carmenere?
pungent green bell pepper, and green bean flavors
What is the climate in Argentina like?
hot, sunny, very dry. THe best sites take advantage of altitude and benefit from cooler temperatures
What is Malbec
the most important grape variety in Argentina. Originated from Bordeax
Describe Malbec
medium, high levels of tannin. Dark fruit character, spicy flavors (blackberry, black plum clove, pepper). Benefit from oak aging
Where is Malbec mainly planted in Argentina?
Mendoza
What is Torrontes?
Argentinian white wine. medium bodied, dry white wines with high alcohol, medium acidity, (perfume, grapes, peach)
Where is Torrontes planted?
Cafayate?
Where is Chardonnay planted in Argentina?
Mendoza
Where is Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot planted in Argentina?
Mendoza
What is Sherry made out of?
Palomino, alcohol is added to fortify the wine before it goes through the solera aging process
What is Sherry aged in?
old casks, but doesn't give any oak falvors
What is the solera system?
Technique which blends younger and older wines together continually as they age. Gives consistency.
What defines different Sherry styles?
the differences in their aging periods and conditions
What are Fino and Manzanilla Sherries?
Pale color, dry, medium bodied, 15% abv
How is Fino and Manzanilla Sherries kept fresh during the Solera process?
A layer of yeast known as 'flor', which floats on the wine
What is the purpose of flor?
protects the wine from air
What does flor add to sherry?
unusual bready notes, refreshing citrus zest and almond flavors
What are Pale Cream Sherries
Young finos that have been sweetened with concentrated grape juice
What are Amontillado Sherries
Fino or Manzanilla, and adding more spirit to increase the alcohol and so kill off the flor. No protection, which oxidises
True or False: Amontillados have a deeper amber color, and nutty flavors
True
Are Amontillados dry?
Yes, but it's common to sweeten them before bottling
What is the abv for Oloroso Sherry?
18% abv
Describe Oloroso Sherry?
deep brown, full bodied, high alcohol, intense kernel and animal flavors
What are PX Sherries?
Pedro Ximenez sherries are intesely sweet made from sun dried PX grapes. Almost black with intense dried fruit flavors, full bodied, syrupy
How is port made?
1. Sufficient color and tannin are extracted from skins.
2.While a high proportion of sugar is in the must, then partially fermented grape juice is added.
3.This kills off the yeast, stopping the fermentation.
4. Wine is then aged in oak vessels
Describe inexpensive ruby port?
non vintage wine that generally undergoes less than 3 years aging before bottling. simple, fruity
describe reserver ruby port
better quality wines, with more intese, complex fruit flavors. Longer cask aging (up to 5 yrs) helps to soften and integrate the alcohol.
Describe late bottled vintage port
similar to a reserve ruby, but come from single year's harvest
What is Traditional Style LBV?
unfiltered port.
What do LBV, and Traditional LBV taste like?
red and black fruit flavors, sweet spice, high alcohol, medium/low tannins, medium/low acidity
What are Vintage ports?
From the best vineyards, bottled, unfiltered. Intense, spicy red and black fruit aromas of youth evolve into cooked fruit, animal and vegetal notes
What is inexpensive Tawny Port?
lighter style of Port, pink, toffee, caramel flavors. Color can be adjusted by adding White Port
Describe Reserve Tawny Ports?
aged for at least 7 years. oxidative kernel flavors to develop. Oxygen also attacks the color, which adds a medium tawny color
True or False: The best Tawny Ports with an Indication of Age is an average, not a minimum and do not need to be decanted
True
True or False: By warming an alcoholic liquid, the alcohol can be boiled off, and then collected, cooled, and condensed back into a higher strength alcoholic liquid.
True
What is a pot still?
oldest simplest kind of still, made out of copper, which contains the base alcoholic liquid while it's being heated
What do heads (or foreshots) have?
Undesirable components including methanol, which boil off first in a pot still
What are hearts?
Spirits, contains the highest proportion of ethanol, and the lowest proportion of undesirable impurities.
What are tails?
least volatile components, which boil off last.
What is a continuous still?
19th cent. invention, it addressed the weakness of the pot still. It can produce a liquid that is very close to pure ethanol, and can run continuously and efficient
Which abv percentage is used for standard bottling to keep spirits smooth
40%
True or False: When spirits are lower in strength, they have more impurities and more character flavor, but make the spirit harsher
True
How can spirits become sweeter?
It's either added, or from the breakdown of oak.
What makes a spirit golden or brown?
they usually have been aged in oak or caramel has been added
What kind of finish do neutral style vodka and rum have?
short clean simple finish
What kind of finish do whisky, cognac, and rums have?
sequence of many different flavors for a period of a minute or more
What is Cognac?
oak aged grape brandy from a delimited region to the north of Bordeaux
Describe Cognac
fruity/floral aromas, medium to light in body, smooth alcohol
What is Armagnac
oak aged grape brandy that comes from south of Bordeaux
Describe Armagnac
dried fruit aromas, medium to full body, sometimes quite harsh alcohol
What do Cognac and Armagnac have in common?
They must be aged in oak for a period before bottling, which adds oaky flavors
What are VS, VSOP, XO?
indicates increasing age, which are set by law
Can brandy be made in France outside of Cognac and Armagnac?
Yes, but they don't have characters of C and Armagnac, the color comes caramel, and often sweetened with sugar
Where is Spanish brandy made and its characteristics?
Jerez, full boded/medium sweetness, dried fruit, sweet spice.
What are Eaux-de-vie?
Spirits made from other fruits, pears, cherries, plums
What is whisky?
characterful, oak aged spirits made from grains such as barley, maize, rye
When does the conversion of starch turn into fermentable sugar?
It takes place after the starch has been extracted from coarsely ground grains using hot water. This is the same production for beer.
True or False: Whisky can be thought of as a distilled beer that is then matured in oak.
True
What is the rule for Scotch whisky?
must be distilled in Scotland, and aged in oak casks in Scotland for at least 3 years.
What is Malt whisky?
whisky made only with malted barley
What is malted barley?
Barley allowed to start germinating to begin the conversion of starch into sugar, germination interrupted by drying the barley in a kiln, where peat is used as a fuel for the kilning process
What is a single malt whisky?
malt whisky that comes from just one distillery
What is blended scotch whisky?
blend of malt and grain whisky. A grain whisky is made in a column still using a combination of malted barley and other grains
What are irish whiskey made from?
mixture of malted and unmalted barley, and other grains. Usually unpeated
What is Bourbon?
made using a mixture of grains, though the majority must be maize. Usually made using a combination of column still and pot still. Aged in heavily charred new American oak barrels
What is Tennessee whiskey?
Similar to Bourbon but filtered through maple wood charcoal before bottling, giving it a sweet smokey flavor
What is the base material for rum?
molasses
What is white rum?
Cuban style, distilled to a high strength, and is dry and neutral in character, like vodka
What is golden rum?
usually dry/off-dry with smooth spirit due to a period of oak ageing.
What is dark rum?
blend of rums from various origins, chosen for the character and balance they contribute. Full bodied and sweet in style, with dried fruit and sweet spice
What is Tequila made from?
Agave, which has a starchy core that is cooked to convert the starch into sugars.
What is plata tequila like?
dry, intense vegetal, spicy flavors
What is anejo?
term to describe aged tequila
what is reposado?
"rested for awhile" for tequila
What is gin?
a dry, white spirit flavored with a range of botanicals, including coriander, angelica, citrus peel, juniper
What is cold compounding?
adding flavors to neutral gin spirit
What is Distilled Gin or London Dry Gin?
superior method is used to fix the flavorings, such as soaking the botanicals in the spirit, followed by distallation ina pot still
What is Pastis?
spirit that is flavored with a combination of herbs and spices, with anise dominating
What is Creme de Cassis?
Blackcurrant liqueur
Name cherry liqueurs
Cherry brandy, heering cherry liqueur, maraschino
Name orange liqueurs
curacao, cointreau, grand marnier
What is Southern Comfort
a peach liqueur
What are dairy liqueurs?
Bailey's, Advocaat
What are bean, kernel, nut liqueurs?
Kahlua, Tia Maria, Creme de Cacao, Amaretto, Malibu
What are herb liqueurs
Galliano, Benedictine, Chartreuse, Drambuie, Kummel, Creme e menth
How many grams of alcohol can your liver digest?
10g
What is PDO?
Protected Designation of Origin, a unique, having a flavor that cannot be copied by any other wine. More strict than PGI
What is PGI
Protected Geographical Indication
What is ordinary wine?
the category that offers the most flexible production rules
What are the (nontraditional) PDO terms for France, Italy, Spain, and Germany?
Appellation d'Origine Protegee (AOP), Denominazione di Origine (DOP), Denominacion de Origen Protegida (DOP), Geschutzte Ursprungsbezeichnung (g.U.)
What are the (traditional) PDO terms for France, Italy, Spain, and Germany?
Appellation d'Origine Controlee (AOC), DOC; DOCG, Denominacion de Origen (DO), Denominacion de Origen Calificada (DOCa), Pradikatswein, Qualitatswein
What are the (nontraditional) PGI terms for Germany?
Geschuzte Geografische Angabe (g.g.A.)
What are the Traditional Terms for PGI
Vin de Pays, Indicazione Geografica Tipica, Vino de la Tierra, Landwein
What does Oak-aged mean?
The wine has been aged in oak vessels, of any size, old or new
What does Aged in new barriques mean?
Wine has been aged in small (225 litre) oak barrels, which maximises the surface area of barrel in contact with the wine.
What does Barrel-fermented do?
Fermenting the white wine in oak results in a better integration of oak flavors to the wine, more labor intensive
What does Oaked mean?
most likely to indicate the use of oak staves or chips, not permitted for PDOs and would not be used for any premium wines
Process to make white wine
crush, pressed, yeast added, fermented no skin added, fermented between 12-22º
Process to make red wine
crushed, fermented, pressed, fermented at 20-32º
What should chili heat be paired with?
white wine or low tannin reds, low alcohol
What should bitter food be paired with?
white wines with low tannin
What should umami be paired with?
fruity wines, low tannin
What temperature should White Burgundy/Fume Blanc served at?
Lightly chilled 10-13º (50-55º)
What temperature should Muscat, Pinot Grigio, New Zealand SB, Fino Sherry
Chilled 7-10º (45-50º)
What temperature should Sauternes, Sweet Muscats be served at
Well chilled 6-8º (43-45º)
What temperature should Champagne be chilled at
Well chilled 6-10º (43-50º)
What temperature should Beaujolais, Bardolino, Valpolicella be served at
lightly chilled 13º (55º)
What temperature should Med/Full bodied reds served at?
15-18º (59-64º)
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