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Chapter one - lecture

Terms in this set (39)

Anatomy and physiology is about...
Human structure and functhon- the biology of the human body
Gross anatomy
Structures visible to naked eye (dissection)
Comparative anatomy
Study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences, and analyze evolutionary trends
Microscopic anatomy (histology)
Microscopic study of tissues of the body
Neurophysiology
Physiology of nervous system
Endocrinology
Physiology of hormones
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of disease
What is essential for life?
1. Organization
2. Cellular composition
3. Development
4. Reproduction
5. Metabolism
6. Homeostasis
Organization
Living things exhibit a higher level of organization than the non living world around them
Cellular composition
Living matter is compartmentalized into one or more cells ( smallest functional units of life)
What's the order form biggest to smallest?
1. Organism
2. Organ system
3. Organ
4. Tissue
5. Cell
6. Organelle
7. Macromolecule
8. Molecule
9. Atom
Organism
A single, complete individual
Organ system
A group of organs with a unique collective function
Organ
Structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
Tissue
A mass of similar cells that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function (histology - study of tissues)
Cells
The smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life (cytology - study of single cells and organelles)
Organelles
Microscopic cellular structures with individual functions
Molecules
Make up organelles and other cellular components; composed of at least two atoms
Marcomolecules
- proteins, carbohydrates, fats, DNA
Atoms
The smallest particles with unique chemical identities
Development
Change in form or function over the lifetime of an organism (involved both differentiation and growth)
Reproduction
Transmission of genetic information to offspring
Metabolism
Sum of all internal chemical change ( anabolism, catabolism, and excretion)
Homeostasis
Maintenance if relatively stable internal conditions
Homeostasis
A central concept in physiology
- maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in response to various stimuli or external change
- internal conditions are not absolutely constant (they fluctuate within a specific range)
-problems with homeostatic control mechanisms can lead to disease and death
Pathology/pathophysiogy
Study of changes that occur in tissues and organs as a result of the disease process or as a cause of the disease
Negative feedback
-most common type of homeostasis in living organisms
1. An initial response is caused by a stimulus
2. A receptor in the body senses the change
3. The effector works to reverse the direction of the initial response to a stimulus (change in the opposite direction)
Negative feedback: room temperature example
- a window is opened on a cold day (stimulus)
- thermostat senses change in room temperature
- if the room gets too cold, thermostat activates furnace (heat room up)
Negative feedback: the thermostat is the effector that is working to reverse the initial response to the stimulus
Negative feedback: body temperature example
- now, you are sitting in the room with the window open on a cold day
- brain senses change in blood temperature (contains the thermostat)
- if too cold, vessels in the skin constrict (Vasoconstriction) and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)
- negative feedback: the brain contains the thermostat that is working to reverse the initial response to the stimulus.
Homeostasis: positive feedback
- rare in living organisms
1. An initial response is caused by a stimulus
2. A receptor in the body senses the change
3. The effector works to enhance the initial response to a stimulus (leading to greater change in the same direction - self-amplifying )
Examples: childbirth, fever caused by infection
Scientific method
Depend on careful observation, logical thinking, and honest ( unbiased) analysis of results and conclusions
Objectivity
A systematic way of seeking similarities, differences, and trends in nature and drawings useful generalizations from observable facts
Inductive method
Make numerous observations about a particular process or subject
-over time, become confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from observations
-knowledge of anatomy obtained by inductive method (normal body structure is described through observations of many bodies)
Hypothetico-deductive method
- most physiological knowledge gained by hypothetico-deductive method
- investigator asks a question and formulated a hypothesis (an educated speculation or possible answer to the question)
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
- consistent with what is already known
- testable and falsifiable with evidence
Experiments are carried out
- the purpose is to test the hypothesis
-experiments give results and observations that either refute or support the hypothesis ("data")
- if refuted, New hypotheses must be formulated and tested
Scientific fact
Information that can be independently verified by a trained person
Law
-generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave
-results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations
Theory
-an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses
—- summarizes what we know
—- suggests direction for further study
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