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Endocrine Review

Terms in this set (89)

Addison's disease is due to a deficit output of glucocorticoids ONLY
False
PTH effects
parathyroid
calcium levels are too low in blood, once calcium levels are even PTH stops releasing. (negative feedback) skeleton, intestine and kidneys.
how PTH affects the 3 organs
kidneys- enhances the reabsorption of Ca2+
skeleton- stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release ionic calcium and Phosphate to blood
intestine- PTH is needed to promote activation of Vitamine D needed for increase in absorption of Ca2+
permissive example
thyroid hormone increases the effect of epinephrine (one must be present for the other to work)
synergism example
testosterone needs Fsh for normal sperm production (hormones combine for greater effects)
antagonism example
during pregnancy, progesterone inhibits uterine response to estrogen (one hormone reduces effectiveness of the other hormone)
Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
ovaries
storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain
pituitary gland
produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics
testes
produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and minercorticoids
adrenal gland
produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ
pineal gland
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
bones and muscles
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
testes or ovaries
prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
mammary glands
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
adrenal cortex
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
thyroid
an autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland
grave's disease
hyposecretion of growth hormone
pituitary dwarfism
hyposecretion of the pancreas
diabetes mellitus
hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex
addison's disease
hypersecretion of the growth hormone
acromegaly
hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults
myxedema
hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex
cushing's disease
hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants
cretinism
the size and shape of a pea produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
hypophysis
the gland that controls the fight-or-flight- reaction
adrenal medulla
produces hormone that regulate glucose levels in the body
pancreas
produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue
parathyroid
produces the body's major metabolic hormones
thyroid
produces glucocorticoids
B
produces epinepherine
D
produces aldosterone
a,b,c,d
A
excess hormone levels result in cushing's syndrome
A
hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters
a,b,c,d
D
produces androgens
C
LH and FSH are reffered to as.....
gonadotropins
follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce
thyroglobulin
while parafollicular cells produce
calcitonin
chief cells of the _______ _____ produce PTH
thyroid gland
what is gluconeogenesis
prime metabolic effect of cortisol
Two types of cells in the pancreas
beta and pancreatic cells (produce insulin)
what hormones are made in the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
what does insulin do? what does glucagon do?
insulin lowers glucose levels , while glucagon releases energy and raises sugar levels
how does atrial natriuretic peptide affect blood pressure? where is ANP made?
increasing the urinary excretion of sodium:
wall of the atrium of the heart
which hormones are secreted by the adenothpophysis?
ACTH, FSH< and LH
iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of
thyroxine
which endocrine gland would probably be malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate?
thyroid
glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress
FALSE
how do glucocorticoids affect the immune system?
part of the feedback mechanism
ex: reduction of inflammation
which adenohypophyseal hormones affect their target cells via cyclic AMP second messenger>
all anterior pituitary except growth hormone
gluconeogenesis occursin the liver due to the action of
cortisol
know the three ways hormone release may be stimulated
Specific molecules in the blood, Stimulation by other (specific) hormones and Stimulation by signals from the nervous system
chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called
hormones
which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interactions?
type of hormone
functions of oxytocin and kind of feedback
contraction of the womb and lactation. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
ADH is inhibited by
is inhibited by alcohol
What gland makes ADH? What does ADH do?
hypothalamus, regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood.
thyroid hormone exerts its influence by
entering some cells and binding to intracellulareceptor within the nuclei
gonadocorticoids production by the adrenal gland is
insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
sometime prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon in the plasma membrane receptors known as
down-regulation
the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent of
the presence of a the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
the neurohypophysis, or posterior lobe, of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
the second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. in order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. what is the "relay" protein that allows this to happen
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
when it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is
epinephrine
one of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. this is called
humoral stimulation
the major targets of growth hormone are
bones and skeletal muscles
the parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. this is accomplished by targeting three different systems.
targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
the heart
mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to
cortisol
leptin is secreted by
adipocytes
the most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is
aldosterone
which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone
epinephrine
which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?
a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
regulating hormones from the hypothalamus first enter the
hypophyseal portal system
ACTH secretion is regulated by
hypothalamic secretion
why parathyroid hormone is the singe most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood
by reducing the calcium level in the blood. If blood calcium becomes too high, calcitonin is secreted until calcium ion levels decrease to normal.
the main function of aldosterone is to
increase sodium reaabsorption
the only amine-based hormone that acts like a steroid is
TH
which organ does not have hormone production
liver
in circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. this is known
up-regulation
a man has been told that is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone and for this reason he may e unable to father a child. Explain
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism of affecting cells differs from peptide hormones. how does throxine (t4) act on cells.
it does not require a second messenger to effect a response
how do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
what ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones
calcium
how does age affect endocrine function?
...
how do responses to gondatropins differ in females vs. males
...
what are some examples of "endocrine distrupterss"
...
break for 3 minutes
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