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APES Unit 6

Terms in this set (103)

What type of geological events happen at subduction zones?
Earthquakes, trenches, and volcanoes
What type of geological events happen at transform boundaries?
Earthquakes
What type of geological events happen at divergent boundaries?
Earthquakes, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys (only on land not in water)
What type of geological events happen at convergent boundaries?
Earthquakes, mountains
What are the three major concentric zones of the earth?
Core, mantle, and crust
A solid inner part surrounded by a liquid core
Core
Mostly solid rock, includes the asthenosphere, upper part is solid
Mantle
Solid, makes up the lithosphere
Crust
Hot, partly melted rock that flows
Asthenosphere
Solid upper part of the mantle
Lithosphere
What percent of earths crust is oceanic crust?
71%
Where are the tectonic plates located?
In the lithosphere
What two plates make up the San Andreas fault?
Pacific and North American plate
What are the three types of boundaries between plates?
Divergent, convergent, and transform fault
What is a divergent boundary?
Plates move apart, magma flows up through the resulting cracks
What is convergent boundary?
Plates collide with one another, can be subduction or collision
Continental plates ride over denser oceanic plates and push them down into the mantle (can also be oceanic-oceanic)
Subduction
What is a transform fault boundary?
Plates slide/grind past one another
What is a subduction zone?
Most common type of convergent boundary, one or both plates are oceanic material, associated feature: oceanic trench, arc-shaped chain of volcanoes, explosive volcanoes, deep earthquakes
What are some examples of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?
Andes of South America, cascading subduction zone
What are some examples of ocean-ocean subduction?
Aleutian Islands, West Indies, Mariana islands
What are some attributes of collision zones?
Form where the converging plates both consist of continental material, not dense enough to sink, associated features: mountains, very rapid rates of erosion, earthquakes at shallow depths
What are some examples of continent-continent collision?
European alps, himalayas
What can intraplate volcanism be attributed to?
Hot spots: as plates move slowly across a hot spot, a series of volcanoes develop
What is a well-known example of intraplate volcanism due to hotspots?
Hawaii
What isn the order of the earths rock cycle in terms of rocks?
Sediment, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, magma (molten rock), igneous rock
What is the process that turns sediment into sedimentary rock?
Cementation and compaction
What is the process that turns sedimentary rock back into sediments?
Weathering, transport, and deposition
What is the process that turns metamorphic rock into sediments?
Weathering, transport, and deposition
What is the process that turns sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock?
Heat and pressure (metamorphism)
What is the process that turns metamorphic rock into molten rock?
Heating and melting
What is the process that turns molten rock into igneous rock?
Cooling and solidification (crystallization)
What is the process that turns igneous rock into metamorphic rock?
Heat and pressure (metamorphism)
What is the process that turns igneous rock into sediment?
Weathering, transport, and deposition
What are some examples of sediment?
Pebbles, particles of small rock or soil
What are some examples of sedimentary rock?
Sandstone, limestone, shale, mudstone
What are some examples of metamorphic rock?
Shale> slate, limestone> marble
What is an example of molten rock?
Lava rocks
What are some examples of igneous rock?
Granite, obsidian, pumps, basalt
What are the three types of weathering?
Biological, chemical, and physical
What is biological weathering?
Roots break up rocks into particles (tree roots and lichens)
What is chemical weathering?
Sulfuric acid from rain breaks down rock (water, acids, and gases >abiotic material)
What is physical weathering?
Something bombarding a rock (wind, rain, thermal expansion and contraction, water freezing)
What are the benefits of volcanic activity?
Highly fertile soil, creates outstanding landforms (crater lake in Oregon)
A depression in earth that fills up with ater
Caldera
Where friction between plates begins
Focus
Where the beginning of an earthquake is felt at earths surface
Epicenter
What is the ground motion of a 2-4 earthquake?
Minor
What is the ground motion of a 4-5 earthquake?
Small
What is the ground motion of a 5-6 earthquake?
Moderate
What is the ground motion of a 6-7 earthquake?
Strong
What is the ground motion of a 7-8 earthquake?
Major
What is the ground motion of an 8-8.9 earthquake?
Great
At what range does damage begin with earthquakes?
4-6
What what range are fatalities possible and great devastation occur?
7-8
What was the largest recorded earthquake?
Offshore of Chile in 1960
What is an earthquake measured in?
Microns
What is the process of which a tsunami forms until it hits shore?
Water is displaced by an underwater earthquake, water moves faster than normal, if water approaches land it is slowed and squeezed, as first waves slows,m second wave catches up making a taller wave
Rock with high concentration of mineral
Ore
Identified resource from which the mineral can be extracted profitably (has an ore, no extraction yet bc may be harder to get to)
Reserve
Concentrations naturally occurring material that can be extracted and process
Mineral resources
What are the advantages of mineral use?
Efficient and can make particularly products from any mineral
What are disadvantages of mineral use?
Enormous amounts of energy, disturbs land, erode soil, produce solid waste, air and water pollution
What is the process of mineral use?
Surface mining, metal ore, separation of ore from gangue, smelting, melting metal, conversion to product, discarding of product (or recycling after conversation to start back at smelting)
What are the three types of surface mining?
Open-pit, strip mining (area, contour), mountaintop removal
Shallow deposits removed, strip away overburden > deposited as spoils, used to extract 90% of the nonfuel mineral and rock resources and 60% of the coal
Surface mining
Coal and copper extraction, deep deposits removed, used to extract coal and metal ores, highly dangerous to humans
Subsurface mining
Rock and soil being removed to attain mineral> becomes spoils once lifted
Overburden
What are some of the environmental effects of mining?
Scarring and disruption of the land surface, loss of rivers and streams, collapse of land (subsidence), major pollution of water and air, large amounts of solid waste
What percent of US watersheds are contaminated?
40%
What is subsidence a result of?
Subsurface mining, underground river removes soil and cant hold up weight
What are the options for when we run out of minerals?
Mine lower grade ores, extract more from the ocean, find substitutes for some scarce mineral resources, recycling, reuse
What is horizon O?
Grass
What is horizon A>
Topsoil
What is horizon E?
Transition
What is horizon B?
Subsoil
What is horizon C?
Weathered bed rock
Starting from top to bottom, what is the order of the horizons?
O, A, E, B, C
or
Grass, topsoil, transition, subsoil, weathered bedrock, solid bedrock
What is the importance of freshwater resources?
Freshwater, provide a majority of peoples drinking water and water for agriculture, industry, and sanitation, dilutes wastes and pollution, moderates climates, sculpts land, habitat for around 40% of fish species
What are the three major uses for water?
Agriculture (70%), industrial (20%), and domestic (10%)
What is the number 1 domestic use of water in the United States?
Flushing toilets
What percent of earths surface is covered in water?
71%
What is a key source of freshwater?
Groundwater
How many gallons per year does one person use in the United States?
2.4 million gallons
How many people lack regular access to adequate supplies of clean water?
1.2 billion
How many people dont have acceptable sanitation?
3 billion
What fraction of the world's households do not have running water?
2/3
Structures designed by humans to capture water and modify the magnitude and timing of its movement downstream
Dam
What is considered a major dam?
When its over 150 meters in height
What are some benefits of dams?
Provide 19% of worlds electricity, irrigate 30-40% of worlds land, flood control, inland navigation, and water highways
What are some costs of dams?
Displacement, ecosystem damage
What are four major solutions to providing useable water to people?
1. Withdraw more groundwater and build more dams
2. Transport surface water
3. Desalinate salt water
4. Decrease water waste
What are some major concerns with pumping water from deep aquifers?
Non renewable, little is known about the geological and ecological impacts of pumping deep aquifers, some flow beneath more than one country, costs of tapping are unknown and could be high
What is the main goal of a dam and reservoir system?
Capture and store runoff
What is the difference between a tunnel and aqueduct?
Tunnel has an open top which risks the water evaporating
What is the largest single use of energy in california?
The state water project, moves water from north to south
What is the problem with desalination?
High cost and energy footprint, kills many marine organisms, large quantity of salty wastewater (brine)
Highly productive wetlands, provide natural flood and erosion control, maintain high water quality, recharge groundwater
Flooplains
What is the correct vertical zonation of earth above the core?
Mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, soil
What type of mining is most directly harmful to miners?
Subsurface mining
What kind of rock are fossil records found in?
Sedimentary rock
Where do you expect to find extrusion igneous rock?
Along the ocean floor
What percentage of earths water is fresh water?
3%
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