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Radiologic Science for Technologist CH 1
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Gravity
Terms in this set (107)
Potential Energy
The ability to do work by virtue of position.
(stored energy)
matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
mass
the quantity of matter contained in any physical object (the quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence)
weight
is the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity
kg
kilo stands for 1000. is equal to 1000 grams
Energy
Ability to do work
Kinetic energy
The energy of motion
Chemical energy
The energy released by a chemical reaction.
Electrical energy
Electrons moving through an electric potential difference (voltage)
Thermal energy
The energy of motion at the molecular level (heat)
Nuclear energy
The energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom
Electromagnetic energy
Type of energy used in x-ray imaging. x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves, microwaves, and ultraviolet, infrared and visible light. It does not include sound
electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic energy which is radiated
irradiated/exposed
a matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it. A patient is irradiated when exposed to X-ray
Ion
An atom that has gained or lost an electron.
radiation
the transfer of energy
Ionization
the removal of an electron from an atom.
ionizing radiation
any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts.
sources of ionizing radiation
natural environmental radiation (annual dose 3 millisieverts mSv) and man-made radiation (annual dose 3.2 mSv)
unit of measurement of radiation
mSv - millisievert
natural environmental radiation
cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides and radon
cosmic rays
are particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars (.3 mSv)
terrestrial radiation
results from deposits of uranium, thorium and other radionuclides in the earth (.3 mSv)
radon
a radioactive gas that is produced by natural radioactive decay of uranium in the earth (.3mSv)
medical
mainly x-rays (3.2 mSv) which is 51% of over all radiation exposure (6.3 mSv)
xray voltages
unit measure in kilovolt peak ( kVp) one kilovolt (kV) is equal to 1000 V of electric potential
discovered x-rays in 1895
Wilhelm Roentgen
Barium platinocyanide
The fluorescent material that helped roentgen discover x-rays
Who /When received the first Nobel Prize?
Roentgen, 1901
Michael Pupin
Demonstrated the use of intensifying screens, 1896
Thomas Edison
Developed the Fluoroscope in 1898
First x-ray fatality
Clarence Dally
crook's tube
A partially evacuated glass tube, 1870s-1880s
Coolidge tube
invented by William Coolidge in 1913 - the hot-cathode x-ray vacuum tube
introduced the transformer 1907
H.C Snook
diaphragm
by William Rollins - X-ray beam is restricted by a lead sheet with a hole in the center. reduced the exposure to patients
reduced hazards to patients
coloration and filtration
fluoroscope
by Edison in 1898
Gustav Bucky
Invented the stationary grid in 1913
H. potter
invented a moving grid in 1915
CT introduced
1970's
MRI
1980's
diagnostic ultrasonography introduced
1960's
Filtration
Metal filters, usually aluminum of copper, are inserted into the x-ray tube housing to absorb low-energy x rays before they reach the patient.
collimation
Restricts the x-ray beam to that part of the body to be imaged. Spares adjacent tissue from unnecessary exposure and reduces scatter radiation
protective apparel
lead-impregnated material used for gloves, aprons and gonadal shields
ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
3 base measurable quantities
the building blocks. Mass, length and time
secondary quantities - dried quantities (7) of measurement
energy, power, work, momentum, force, velocity and acceleration
special quantities of measurement (4)
exposure, dose, effective dose and radioactivity
the second is based on
the vibration of atoms of cesium
three laws of motion/Newton's law
1 -Inertia, 2- Force, 3- Action/Reaction
inertia
A body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force (friction)
force
The push or pull on an object.
force formula
F = ma (mass x acceleration)
volume formula
V=lwh (length x width x height) multiply the the units of measure also (ex. 1.1 m3 - m to the third power)
action/reaction
for every action, there is an equal & opposite reaction
density formaula
mass/volume
magnification formula
M= SID/SOD (source to image receptor distance divided by source to object distance)
Velocity formula
velocity= d/t (distance traveled divided by time. unit of measure is m/s (meters per second)
average velocity formula
V with a line above it = Vo + Vf divided by 2. unit of measure is m/s
acceleration formula
a= Vf - Vo divided by t. Unit of measure is m/s2
weigh formula
Wt = mg (mass x gravity). Unit of measure is newtons (N). On earth 1 lb = 4.5 N.
weight is the product of mass and the acceleration of gravity.
momentum formula
P= mv (mass x velocity)
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity
work formula
Fd (force x distance). unite of measure is joule (J). Work is the product of fore (F) and distance (d).
power formula
work/time. unit of measure is watts (W).
Power is the quotient of work by time.
energy formula
KE = 1/2 mv2 (mass x velocity to the 2nd power).
potential energy formula
PE = mgh (mass x gravity x distance above earth surface). unit of measure is joule (J)
Heat
is the kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules. the more rapid and disordered the motion of molecules, the more heat an object contains.
three ways of heat transfer
Conduction, Convection and Thermal Radiation.
unit of measurement is calorie.
Conduction
Transfer of heat through material or by touching
Convection
mechanical transfer of "hot" molecule in gas or liquid
Thermal Radiation
Transfer heat by emission of infrared radiation evident by reddish glow
standard unit represented by the platinum-iridium cylinder
Unit of Mass
If an object were taken anywhere in the universe, would it have the same mass?
yes, but does not have the same weight.
Name of plate that was glowing
Barium Plantinocyanide
primary characteristic of matter
mass
dynamic
Motion
static
Stationary
The second after letting off the exposure button are x rays still coming out of the tube?
NO
What are the three types of x-ray examinations
Fluoroscopy, Radiography and Computed Tomography.
Coolidge's invention
Coolidge tube
SI
Systeme Internationale
Tera
10^12
symbol T
Giga
10^9
symbol G
Mega
10^6
symbol M
Kilo
10^3
symbol k
Centi
10^-2
symbol c
Milli
10^-3
symbol m
Micro
10^-6
symbol u
nano
10^-9
symbol n
speed of light
c=3*10^8 m/s
acceleration due to gravity
g=9.8 m/s^2 on earth
equation from the roentgen to the SI in terms of electric charge per unit mass
2.58*10^-4
the two general types of xray procedures
fluoroscopy and radiography
Mass
measured in kilograms
Length
measured in Meters
time
measured in seconds
Second measurement
Vibration of atoms in cesium
meter measurement
distance traveled by light in a fraction of time
celsius (Tc)
5/9 (Tf - 32)
from C to F - double then add 30
Fahrenheit (Tf)
9/2 (Tc + 32)
from F to C - subtract 30 and divide by 2.
Kelvin (Tk)
Tc + 273
Air Kerma (Gya)
is the unit of radiation exposure.
kinetic energy released in matter.
gray (Gyt)
is the unit of radiation absorbed dose (rad).
the radiation energy absorbed per unit mass.
sievert (Sv)
is the unit of occupational radiation exposure & effective dose. The the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers & population.
radioactivity becquerel (Bq)
is the unit of quantity of radioactive material - not the radiation emitted by the material.
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