Radiologic Science for Technologist CH 1

Terms in this set (107)

Potential Energy

The ability to do work by virtue of position.
(stored energy)

anything that occupies space and has mass

the quantity of matter contained in any physical object (the quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence)

is the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity

kilo stands for 1000. is equal to 1000 grams

Ability to do work

The energy of motion

Chemical energy

The energy released by a chemical reaction.

Electrical energy

Electrons moving through an electric potential difference (voltage)

The energy of motion at the molecular level (heat)

The energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom

Electromagnetic energy

Type of energy used in x-ray imaging. x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves, microwaves, and ultraviolet, infrared and visible light. It does not include sound

electromagnetic radiation

electromagnetic energy which is radiated

irradiated/exposed

a matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it. A patient is irradiated when exposed to X-ray

An atom that has gained or lost an electron.

the transfer of energy

the removal of an electron from an atom.

ionizing radiation

any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts.

sources of ionizing radiation

natural environmental radiation (annual dose 3 millisieverts mSv) and man-made radiation (annual dose 3.2 mSv)

unit of measurement of radiation

mSv - millisievert

natural environmental radiation

cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides and radon

are particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars (.3 mSv)

terrestrial radiation

results from deposits of uranium, thorium and other radionuclides in the earth (.3 mSv)

a radioactive gas that is produced by natural radioactive decay of uranium in the earth (.3mSv)

mainly x-rays (3.2 mSv) which is 51% of over all radiation exposure (6.3 mSv)

unit measure in kilovolt peak ( kVp) one kilovolt (kV) is equal to 1000 V of electric potential

discovered x-rays in 1895

Wilhelm Roentgen

Barium platinocyanide

The fluorescent material that helped roentgen discover x-rays

Who /When received the first Nobel Prize?

Demonstrated the use of intensifying screens, 1896

Developed the Fluoroscope in 1898

First x-ray fatality

A partially evacuated glass tube, 1870s-1880s

invented by William Coolidge in 1913 - the hot-cathode x-ray vacuum tube

introduced the transformer 1907

by William Rollins - X-ray beam is restricted by a lead sheet with a hole in the center. reduced the exposure to patients

reduced hazards to patients

coloration and filtration

by Edison in 1898

Invented the stationary grid in 1913

invented a moving grid in 1915

diagnostic ultrasonography introduced

Metal filters, usually aluminum of copper, are inserted into the x-ray tube housing to absorb low-energy x rays before they reach the patient.

Restricts the x-ray beam to that part of the body to be imaged. Spares adjacent tissue from unnecessary exposure and reduces scatter radiation

protective apparel

lead-impregnated material used for gloves, aprons and gonadal shields

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

3 base measurable quantities

the building blocks. Mass, length and time

secondary quantities - dried quantities (7) of measurement

energy, power, work, momentum, force, velocity and acceleration

special quantities of measurement (4)

exposure, dose, effective dose and radioactivity

the second is based on

the vibration of atoms of cesium

three laws of motion/Newton's law

1 -Inertia, 2- Force, 3- Action/Reaction

A body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force (friction)

The push or pull on an object.

F = ma (mass x acceleration)

V=lwh (length x width x height) multiply the the units of measure also (ex. 1.1 m3 - m to the third power)

action/reaction

for every action, there is an equal & opposite reaction

density formaula

magnification formula

M= SID/SOD (source to image receptor distance divided by source to object distance)

Velocity formula

velocity= d/t (distance traveled divided by time. unit of measure is m/s (meters per second)

average velocity formula

V with a line above it = Vo + Vf divided by 2. unit of measure is m/s

acceleration formula

a= Vf - Vo divided by t. Unit of measure is m/s2

Wt = mg (mass x gravity). Unit of measure is newtons (N). On earth 1 lb = 4.5 N.
weight is the product of mass and the acceleration of gravity.

momentum formula

P= mv (mass x velocity)
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity

Fd (force x distance). unite of measure is joule (J). Work is the product of fore (F) and distance (d).

work/time. unit of measure is watts (W).
Power is the quotient of work by time.

KE = 1/2 mv2 (mass x velocity to the 2nd power).

potential energy formula

PE = mgh (mass x gravity x distance above earth surface). unit of measure is joule (J)

is the kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules. the more rapid and disordered the motion of molecules, the more heat an object contains.

three ways of heat transfer

Conduction, Convection and Thermal Radiation.
unit of measurement is calorie.

Transfer of heat through material or by touching

mechanical transfer of "hot" molecule in gas or liquid

Thermal Radiation

Transfer heat by emission of infrared radiation evident by reddish glow

standard unit represented by the platinum-iridium cylinder

If an object were taken anywhere in the universe, would it have the same mass?

yes, but does not have the same weight.

Name of plate that was glowing

Barium Plantinocyanide

primary characteristic of matter

The second after letting off the exposure button are x rays still coming out of the tube?

What are the three types of x-ray examinations

Fluoroscopy, Radiography and Computed Tomography.

Coolidge's invention

Systeme Internationale

acceleration due to gravity

g=9.8 m/s^2 on earth

equation from the roentgen to the SI in terms of electric charge per unit mass

the two general types of xray procedures

fluoroscopy and radiography

measured in kilograms

measured in Meters

measured in seconds

Second measurement

Vibration of atoms in cesium

meter measurement

distance traveled by light in a fraction of time

5/9 (Tf - 32)
from C to F - double then add 30

Fahrenheit (Tf)

9/2 (Tc + 32)
from F to C - subtract 30 and divide by 2.

Air Kerma (Gya)

is the unit of radiation exposure.
kinetic energy released in matter.

is the unit of radiation absorbed dose (rad).
the radiation energy absorbed per unit mass.

is the unit of occupational radiation exposure & effective dose. The the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers & population.

radioactivity becquerel (Bq)

is the unit of quantity of radioactive material - not the radiation emitted by the material.

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