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Floriculture 2019 - General Knowledge Exam Questions

Terms in this set (241)

Nontraditional 20th century flower arranging styles can be arbitrarily divided into two types known as radial structure and the interest-equated style, based on the method of construction

a. True
b. False
a. True
The difference between an informal boutonniere and a formal boutonniere is the informal boutonniere has a green piece attached behind the flower held in place with floratape

a. True
b. False
b. False
Linear materials are those that grow into the shape of a tall spire or spike. They are usually tall and slender. Often they are __________ below the tip but taper definitely to a point at the top, much like a __________

a. fluffy, ice cream cone
b. full, church steeple
c. round, mountain peak
d. full, mountain peak
b. full, church steeple
The American style of flower arranging is based on the _____ elements of design

a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 7
c. 6
What are the three kinds of traditional flower arrangements recognized today in America by flower arrangers and the National Council of State Garden Clubs ?

a. line, mass, line-mass
b. line, naturalistic, abstract
c. naturalistic, free-form, abstract
d. free-form, abstract, mass
a. line, mass, line-mass
The famous painter della Robbia is remembered for his symmetrical treatments of wreaths and garlands made of dull colored fruits, peppers, cones, berries, foliage, and flowers.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Who first developed the "rules" of the floral design?

a. French of the Industrial Era
b. Indians of the Colombus Era
c. Greeks of the Roman Era
d. English of the Victorian Era
d. English of the Victorian Era
What are the four types or shapes of plant material?

a. circle, square, rectangle, pyramid
b. line, form, square, balance
c. shape, mass, symmetrical, triangle
d. line, form, mass, filler
d. line, form, mass, filler
The art of any period of civilization reflects the tastes and ideas of that time and place. In general, ________ and ________ flower arrangements have emphasized mass and color.

a. China, Japan
b. Georgian, Victorian
c. Mediterranean, Europe
d. Renaissance, French
c. Mediterranean, Europe
The French Period was from _______

a. 1550-1760
b. 1400-1600
c. 475-1400
d. 1715-1800
d. 1715-1800
During the French Period, the court life, beginning with King Louis XIV (1638-1715) in France, greatly influenced the art forms of Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. The tone was one of luxury, magnificence, and elegance, but the styles of flower _______ and ______ were characterized by mild restraints.

a. painting, arranging
b. cascading, arranging
c. curves, motifs
d. shells, scrolls
a. painting, arranging
Dahlias flower morphology is simply and flower size varies from larger than 9.25 in. to less than 4 cm.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Boutonnieres and corsages are supplemental to apparel and should accent the clothing, not detract from it while the flowers used should reflect the time of the year or season, not the event or reason for the celebration.

a. True
b. False
b. False
_______ is represented by strong geometric lines and forms. They are highly stylized and are often thought to mimic Egyptian and Aztec cultures as well as being influenced by the contemporary society.

a. Art Noveau
b. Art Bonified
c. Art Classified
d. Art Deco
d. Art Deco
_______ is curvilinear lines, cascading works, with nature's patterns of plants and flowers depicted either in the arrangement or in the container.

a. Art Nouveau
b. Art Bonified
c. Art Classified
d. Art Deco
a. Art Noveau
The most common type of florist ribbon used is a waterproof _______ with a ______ edge.

a. unsanitized acetate, fused
b. nylon ribbon, round
c. sanitized acetate, fused
d. nylon ribbon, sharp
c. sanitized acetate, fused
Tertiary colors are the _______ mixture of a primary and secondary color next to it.

a. unequal
b. 1:2 ratio
c. 3:1 ratio
d. equal
d. equal
______ harmony combines three colors equi-distant on the wheel forming a triangle such as red, blue, and yellow.

a. Tetrad
b. Triadic
c. Complemetary
d. Monochromatic
b. Triadic
The most important consideration in setting up an irrigation system is water _______.

a. pressure
b. concentration
c. quality
d. volume
c. quality
One of the most important factors is the electrical conductivity (EC), a measure of soluble salts. Water with a low EC, _______ mS/cm, will give the greatest number of irrigation options and will help reduce future problems from the accumulation of high soluble salts in the root medium.

a. 6.0-7.0
b. 0.8-2.0
c. 0.1-0.5
d. 2.0-2.8
c. 0.1-0.5
Foliar analysis is especially useful when you need to determine __________ levels in the plant.

a. micronutrient
b. macronutrient
c. both a and b
d. neither a or b
a. micronutrient
The ______ the alkalinity level, the _____ the pH of the soilless medium will______

a. lower,slower,decrease
b. higher,slower,increase
c. higher,quicker,increase
d. lower,quicker,decrease
c. higher,quicker,increase
Each plant has an optimum temperature range. In general, if you were to lump all floriculture crops together, you would find the optimum range is from 35-50 degrees F (2-10 degrees C) on the lower side and ________degrees F _______degrees C) on the upper side.

a. 55-70, 12-17
b. 65-85, 18-29
c. 51-64, 11-19
d. 75-90, 30-40
b. 65-85, 18-29
During propagation, such as seed germination and plug seedling production, and in liner (rooted cutting) production, temperatures are _______than they are during : finished crop production.

a. higher
b. lower
c. inconsistent
d. none of the above
a. higher
Temperature is the only way you will control how quickly your plants grow.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Bonzi is one of the more _______ PGRs (plant growth regulators).

a. inactive
b. differential
c. limited
d. active
d. active
For the traditional florist, the term "_________" is meant to promote the sale of flowers by offering a variety of products in a variety of ways.

a. flower design
b. wholesale
c. retailer
d. marketing
d. marketing
_______ is a philosophy, a way of thinking that puts the consumer at the center of attention.

a. Marketing
b. Retailing
c. Floral designing
d. none of the above
a. Marketing
In the 1980s, "Architectural" arrangements that were angular and linear took the place of the "____________"

a. Square-Balls
b. Circular-PIllars
c. Round-Moundy's
d. none of the above
c. Round-Moundy's
Roses require special handling and, after cutting stems _____, they should be placed in a commercially available _________ solution which ________ the water acidity and speeds the uptake of water.

a. underwater, preservative, raises
b. horizontally, preservative, lowers
c. underwater, hydrating, lowers
d. none of the above
c. underwater, hydrating, lowers
_______ are green plastic tube-like reservoirs with rubber caps, into which the flower stem is inserted.

a. Wood Picks
b. Metal Picks
c. Water Picks
d. Designer Pick
c. Water Picks
________ attached with a heavy-duty picking machine. A sharp, pointed, barbed attached to the flower or foliage.

a. Wood Picks
b. Metal Picks
c. Water Picks
d. Designer Pick
b. Metal Picks
________ available in green and natural colors. They are pointed on one end for easy insertion with or without attached wires on the other end.

a. Wood Picks
b. Metal Picks
c. Water Picks
d. Designer Pick
a. Wood Picks
_______ involve tubing that provides water to individual pots.

a. Flow benches
b. Spaghetti tubes
c. Tray mechanization
d. Capillary matts
b. Spaghetti tubes
_______ is obtained from nature and is the result of weathered rocks.

a. Plant nutrition
b. Macro-nutrients
c. Mineral soil
d. none of the above
c. Mineral soil
Calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are said to be _______ macro-nutrients because plants need moderate amounts.

a. primary
b. secondary
c. slow release
d. none of the above
b. secondary
Plant growth is dependent on___ essential elements, often referred to as nutrients.

a. 9
b. 13
c. 3
d. 17
c. 17
The chief function of the leaves is food manufacture. This process of food manufacture is called photosynthesis. carbon dioxide + water-----light-----glucose + oxygen (all in the presence of cholorphyll). what is the correct equation

a.6CO2+6H2O light C6H12 O6+6O2
b. 2CO2+2H2O light C6H6O2+6O
c. 4CO2+66H2O light C6H6O2+6O
d. none of the above
a. 6CO2+6H2O light C6H12O6 +6O2
Poinsettia's history shows that Poinsettias represented purity and served as a reminder of the blood sacrifices to the Aztec people.

a. True
b. False
a. True
National Poinsettia Day is December ___< the anniversary of the death of Joel Robert Poinsett.

a. 19
b. 5
c. 12
d. 21
c. 12
______ is a feathered single flower made from the florets of a gladiolus flower.

a. Tendril
b. Bias
c. Var
d. Glamellia
d. Glamellia
A ________ is defined as having a ________ occurring, unique set of characteristics and is separated from other closely related species by location, flowering time, and so on.

a. plant species, naturally
b. commercial plant, unnatural
c. root system, naturally
d. plant species, fabricated
a. plant species, naturally
The unique characteristics of a species are usually transmitted to the next generation through ______ or ______

a. roots, bulbs
b. seeds, soil
c. seeds, spores
d. spores, bulbs
b. seeds, soil
Scarification is the only method of breaking through hard, water-impermeable seed coats to allow water to penetrate

a. True
b. False
b. False
Mineral soil is _____ to ______ times heavier than the other components used in growing media.

a. 2, 3
b. 7, 49
c. 10, 50
d. 1, 10
c. 10, 50
One mold can harm your crop by preventing water from penetrating into the mix. This fungus is found in pine bark storage piles and has a gray threadlike structure (mycelium) that repels water.

a. True
b. False
a. True
There are several mold genera that are found in bark. The most problematic is a(n) ________ slime mold.

a. ZeroTol
b. Perlite
c. Vermiculite
d. Ostracoderma
d. Ostracoderma
Growers commonly use three types of pinches: _____ and ______

a. soft pinch, hard pinch, cutting back
b. angled pinch, quick pinch, sharp pinch
c. deep pinch, general pinch, forward cutting
d. early pinch, mid-pinch, high pinch
a. soft pinch, hard pinch, cutting back
New businesses should realize that it usually requires _____ for the business to show a profit and owners should plan accordingly.

a. 3 to 5 months
b. 1 to 3 years
c. 15 to 24 months
d. 3 to 5 years
d. 3 to 5 years
The common name for an Achimenes hybrid is ______

a. Monkshood
b. Kangaroo-paw
c. Anemone
d. Hot water plant
d. Hot water plant
Potted flowering plants must have sufficient stems, foliage, flowers and spuds to provide an attractive display.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Cut flowers must have sufficiently short and flexible stems, appropriately sized flowers and enough flowers and foliage.

a. True
b. False
b. False
The common name for an Anigozanthos (Labill) is _______

a. Kangaroo-Paw
b. Hot Water Paw
c. Monkshood
d. Anemone
a. Kangaroo-Paw
The Christmas Peppers scientific name is _______

a. Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.
b. Crocus vemus Hill
c. Crossandra infudibuliformis
d. Capsicum annuum L.
d. Capsicum annuum L.
_______ have become important American pot plants in the last ten years because of their relatively low price at $15-$30, and the hardiness of plant once grown to flowering size.

a. Phalaenopsis orchids
b. Poinsettias
c. Easter Lilies
d. Christmas Peppers
a. Phalaenopsis orchids
The Lilium longiflorum are produced on the ______ around the _______ border.

a. east coast; Maine-New Hampshire
b. gulf coast; Texas-Mexico
c. west coast; Oregon-California
d. east coast; Florida-Georgia
c. west coast; Oregon-California
What is the proper term to describe the cold treatment, which lasts several weeks and precedes initiation of flower buds?

a. Pot cooling
b. Vernalization
c. Case cooling
d. CTF cooling
b. Vernalization
______: Symptoms apply to poinsettias, the only greenhouse floral crop it is known to affect. The margins of leaves halfway up the stem become chlorotic, presenting a silhoutte appearance and then quickly become necrotic.

a. copper deficiencies
b. boron deficiences
c. molybdenum deficiences
d. boron toxicities
c. molybdenum deficiencies
Symptoms can begin as incomplete formation of flower parts such as fewer petals, sudden wilting; or collapse of petals, and notches of tissue missing in flower stems, leaf petioles, or stems.

a. copper deficiencies
b. boron deficiencies
c. molybdenum deficiences
d. boron toxicities
b. boron deficiencies
The margins of older leaves become necrotic with a characteristic reddish-brown color. Necrotic spots may also develop across the leaf blade but tend to be concentrated at the margins.

a. copper deficiencies
b. boron deficiencies
c. molybdenum deficiencies
d. boron toxicities
d. boron toxicities
Young leaves develop interveinal chlorosis, however, the tips and lobes of these leaves may remain green. Next, the youngest fully expanded leaves rapidly become necrotic. The sudden death of these leaves resembles desiccation.

a. copper deficiencies
b. boron deficiencies
c. molybdenum deficiencies
d. boron toxicities
a. copper deficiencies
For most floriculture crops, the average daily temperature (ADT) primarily controls flowering.

a. True- for temperatures maintained within the broad optimum temperatures range of 50-85 degrees Fahrenheit (10-20 degrees Celsius)
b. True- for temperatures maintained within the broad optimum temperatures range of 29-49 degrees F
c. True- for temperatures maintained within the broad optimum temperatures range of 85-100 F (10-29 degree C)
d. False
a. True- for temperatures maintained within the broad optimum temperatures range of 50-85 degree F (10-20 degree C)
The ADT formula is:

a. ADT = (day temperature x hours) + (night temperatures x hours) + 12
b. ADT = (day temperature - hours) x (night temperatures + hours) + 24
c. ADT = (day temperature x hours) - (night temperatures x hours) x 12
d. ADT = (day temperature x hours) + (night temperatures x hours) + 24
d. ADT= (day temperature x hours) + (night temperatures x hours) + 24
During photosynthesis, plants take water (H2O) from the soil, carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air, and energy contained in sunlight to create sugars that can be moved within the plant to provide fuel for growth.

a. True
b. False
a. True
The common name for Aconitum napellus L. is ______

a. Alstotroemeria
b. Hot Water Plant
c. Monkshood
d. Anemone
c. Monkshood
The common name for Anemone coronaria L. is ______

a. Alstroemeria
b. Hot Water Plant
c. Monkshood
d. Anemone
d. Anemone
The Christmas Peppers are not only native to Central and South America.

a. True
b. False
b. False
The Christmas Peppers take _______ from seeding to sales for 4 inch (10 cm) speciments when seeded in the spring and summers.

a. 6weeks
b. 6 months
c. 14 weeks
d. 2 months
c. 14 weeks
Phalaenopsis is a genus within the Orchidacaea family. It is widely propagated and most important commericial genus in the orchid family.

a. True
b. False
a. True
Lily bulb propagation requires _____ to ______ growth in the field, depending on size and whether scale production is used or plants are started from bulblets (small bulbs formed around the belowground stem above the bulb).

a. one, three months
b. two, four years
c. two, four months
d. five, seven years
b. two, four years
_______ are the most profitable major holiday pot plant crop produced.

a. Christmas Peppers
b. Poinsettias
c. Valentine Roses
d. Easter Lilies
d. Easter Lilies
In regard to the Lilium longiflorum, how many weeks to fmish after vemalization?

a. 16
b. 23
c. 4
d. 12
a. 16
Pinching artificially accelerates a plants branching.

a. True
b. False
a. True
Nature provides protection for plants to prevent them from becoming top heavy and unstable. ______ is the principle that provides this protection; it describes the hierarchy that has evolved in the plant world that makes certain that a plant's architecture is sound.

a. Pinching
b. Apical dominance
c. Lateral branching
d. Tertiary branching
b. Apical dominance
Orchids are extremely durable and have no sensitivity to ethylene gas.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Mother's Day was first celebrated on the second Sunday in may in Lincoln, Nebraska, in ____. It quickly caught on as a widespread holiday in other states.

a. 1922
b. 1956
c. 1908
d. 1965
c. 1908
______ are short, stocky candles that are very popular at Christams.

a. Cornucopia
b. Votive candles
c. Paddle wire
d. Santa candles
b. Votive candles
An S-shaped line mass design is a ________ curve.

a. crescent
b. oval
c. naturalistic
d. Hogarth
d. Hogarth
The combination method employs a chenille stem inserted into the _____inch stem of the flower.

a. 2
b. 1/2
c. 1
d. 4
c. 1
A ________ is an area located in the lower half of the design that ties or visually pulls an arrangement together.

a. center of interest
b. candelabra design
c. conical centerpiece
d. calyx
a. center of interest
The cornucopia, or horn of plenty, has been used for centuries as a symbol of _______

a. fruitfulness
b. abundance
c. distinction
d. love
b. abundance
Unity is lacking when the arrangement cannot be divided into separate parts.

a. True
b. False
b. False
The size of flower stem wire is listed according to its gauge number. The higher the gauge number, the finer the wire.

a. True
b. False
a. True
An equilateral triangle-shaped arrangement will be as ____ as it is _______

a. round, tall
b. round, wide
c. tall, wide
d. short, round
c. tall, wide
The right-triangular, or asymmetrical, floral design is constructed in a manner similar to the _____ design.

a. asymmetrical balance
b. equilateral-triangle
c. mechanical balance
d. triad
b. equilateral-triangle
_______ makes an excellent centerpiece because it is attractive when viewed from either the front or the back.

a. Horizontal design
b. Right triangle
c. Asymmetrical balance
d. Tuzzy-muzzy
a. Horizontal design
The circular shape of the Colonial bouquet is very popular with brides. This style is fashioned after the nosegay designs of the English Georgian and earlier French handheld floral pieces called the ______

a. horizontal design
b. right triangle
c. asymmetrical design
d. Tuzzy-muzzy
d. Tuzzy-muzzy
Ripening fruit, vegetables and decaying plant debris are all sources of ethylene gas- which can be hannful to Orchids

a. True
b. False
a. True
Filler flowers add a finishing touch to an arrangement. The two types of filler flowers use din flower arrangements are ____ and _____

a. feather, wax
b. bunch, feather
c. wax, bunch
d. none of the above 1
b. bunch, feather
_____ are formal temple style of Japanese floral design, characterized by the massive, symmetrical arrangement of flowers in bronze ceremonial vases.

a. Shokwa
b. Soe
c. Rikkwa
d. Tai
c. Rikkwa
_______ is the ancient Japanese floral style created by the Buddhist priest Senchin. These designs were constructed in an asymmetrical style in low, flat containers.

a. Shokwa
b. Soe
c. Rikkwa
d. Tai
a. Shokwa
The optimum range for most crops growing in a soilless medium is _____ - _____, because in this range micronutrients are ________ enough to satisfy plant needs without becoming so ________ as to be toxic.

a. 7.35, 7.45, soluble, soluble
b. 5.8, 6.4, soluble, soluble
c. 5.14, 5.75, insoluble, insoluble
d. 7.35, 7.45, insoluble, soluble
b. 5.8, 6.4, soluble, soluble
High humidity in the greenhouse causes plugs to ______ and be soft due to lack of _____ uptake.

a. Stretch, oxygen
b. shrink, nitrogen
c. shrink, calcium
d. stretch, calcium
d. stretch, calcium
________ can become a problem when plugs are older and the plant canopy is tight.

a. Botrytis
b. Lobularia
c. Vinca
d. Celosia
a. Botrytis
Campanula carpatica is an important ______ flowering pot crop for a number of European growers.

a. Fall
b. Winter
c. Summer
d. Spring
c. Summer
You cannot change your poinsettia crop while it is growing based on the type of fertilizer you use.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Gladioli species and the cultivars produce a multi-flowered inflorescence that can contain _____ to _____ florets.

a. 2,9
b. 10, 25
c. 3, 13
d. 26, 35
b. 10, 25
___________ or satin flower has been transformed from a unique and uncommon garden plant into a dependable cut flower for greenhouse and field production and for pot plant production.

a. Godetia
b. Gomphrena
c. Gladiolus
d. Geranium
a. Godetia
Rudbeckia fulgida is also known as ______________.

a. African violet
b. Rosemary
c. Black-eyed Susan
d. Azalea
c. Black-eyed Susan
Azaleas are vegetatively propagated from stem or tip cuttings harvested from actively growing plants. While rooting is relatively easy, growing a "florist" azalea takes as long as ______ to __________.

a. 12, 24 months
b. 2, 3 months
c. 2, 3 years
d. 1, 2 years
c. 2, 3 years
The goal of propagation is to reproduce a selected plant type, such as a plant species, subspecies, variety, or cultivar. A plant species is defined as having naturally occurring, generic set of characteristics and is united with other closely related species by color, flowering time, and so on.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Exacum affine is an example of a species that is commercially cultivated.

a. True
b. False
a. True
Geophytes include any species that form modified plant ___________ for _____________ storage including bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots, rhizomes, and pseudobulbs.

a. Fungus, oxygen
b. Organs, carbohydrate
c. Organs, nitrogen
d. Fungus, nitrogen
b. Organs, carbohydrate
_________ induces adventitious roots to form on stems while they are still attached to the parent plant.

a. Divison
b. Budding
c. Layering
d. Grafting
c. Layering
_________ is used in research to study physiological processes or plant diseases.

a. Grafting
b. Division
c. Layering
d. Budding
a. Grafting
Various lamp types are available for floriculture use which can be divided into three basic types, incandescent, __________, and _________.

a. HID
b. Fluorescent
c. Neither a or b
d. Both a and b
d. Both a and b
Two common ways to reduce the light intensity in a greenhouse are with shade cloths and shading compounds. Shade cloth is available in a variety of types which reduce light by ______ to _____%.

a. 5, 15
b. 13, 24
c. 12, 18
d. 25, 98
d. 25, 98
_____________ regulation is defined as any chemical or process used to produce a specific type of growth response, such as inhibition of intemode elongation or root development.

a. Plant growth
b. Abscisic acid
c. Tissue culture
d. Root development
a. Plant growth
Chemical growth retardants are registered for use on vegetable or other edible bedding plants such as tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), peppers (Capsicum annuum), and herbs.

a. True
b. False
b. False
Tropical flowers like birds-of-paradise, anthurium, ginger and orchids should be kept in a separate cooler set with _________ temperatures ____ to ____.

a. Cooler, 39°, 44°
b. Warmer, 61°, 66°
c. Warmer, 45°, 50°
d. Cooler, 57°, 60°
c. Warmer, 45°, 50°
Scientific name of: Primrose

a. Clivia miniata
b. Primula malacoides
c. Rhododendron
d. Pelargonium hortorum
b. Primula malacoides
Scientific name of: Azalea

a. Clivia miniata
b. Primula malacoides
c. Rhododendron
d. Pelargonium hortorum
c. Rhododendron
Scientific name of: Kafir Lily

a. Clivia miniata
b. Primula malacoides
c. Rhododendron
d. Pelargonium hortorum
a. Clivia miniata
Scientific name of: Geranium

a. Clivia miniata
b. Primula malacoides
c. Rhododendron
d. Pelargonium hortorum
d. Pelargonium hortorum
Corsages are most commonly worn on the __________________.

a. Left shoulder
b. Right shoulder
c. Left wrist
d. Right wrist
a. Left shoulder
Which one of the four plants listed below originated in the Mediterranean region?

a. Mystus Communis
b. Monstera Deliciosa
c. Maranta Leuconeura
d. Magnolia Grandiflora
a. Mystus Communis
Name the plant that fits the following description. Long, round, hollow, leafless stems up to 4 feet long and ¼ to ½ inch wide with furrowed ridges running the length of stem segments. Silica in ridges gives surface rough quality.

a. Euonymus japonica (Evergreen spindle)
b. Dracaena sanderana (Ribbon Plant)
c. Equisetum hyemale (Horsetail, Scouring Rush)
d. Eucalyptus pulverulenta (Eucalyptus)
c. Equisetum hyemale (Horsetail, Scouring Rush)
Name the plant that fits the frowning description. Twisting vine with bunches of bright orange berries, revealed when fruit dehisces (bursts open).

a. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orchard Cedar)
b. Camellia japonica (Camellia)
c. Calocedrus decurrent (Incense Cedar)
d. Celastrus scandens (Bittersweet)
d. Celastrus scandens (Bittersweet)
What is the blue or violet in color: individual flowers shaped like a helmet or hood with a beak in front. Flowers arranged on a spike-like raceme while available in summer and fall.

a. Monkshood
b. Acacia, Mimosa
c. Yarrow
d. Lily-of-the-Nile, African Lily
a. Monkshood
The classical period of floral design from 28 BC - 325 AD was the _____________ period.

a. Egyptian
b. Greek
c. Roman
d. Byzantine
c. Roman
The Italian artist Michealangelo greatly influenced the artistic transition from the classical ___________ style to the lavish mood of the __________ period. This style of design became most highly developed by the painters of Holland and Belgium, who used floral arrangements placed to complement the settings for their paintings.

a. Byzantine, Roman
b. Egyptian, Greek
c. Renaissance, Baroque
d. None of the above
c. Renaissance, Baroque
The S-curve was created by an English painter named William Hogwarts, who described this style as the "line of beauty." This style of flower arrangement, the Hogwartian curve, is still quite popular in modern design because it utilizes a rhythmic, asymmetrical balance.

a. True
b. False
b. False
The art of Japanese flower arranging has evolved through various periods. The basic Japanese floral design styles are Ikenobo, Rikkwa, Shokwa, Nageire, Moribana, and Jiyu-Bana. Which arrangement style was established as a refinement of the art and ritual of flower use for Japanese Buddhist temple altars?

a. Rikkwa
b. Nageire
c. Jiyu-bana
d. Ikenobo
d. Ikenobo
The first rules for Japanese floral design were written in the early eleventh century. These rules applied to the ___________ style, which depicted natural scenes and utilized the following three structural elements in each design: Shin, Soe, and Tai.

a. Rikkwa
b. Nageire
c. Jiyu-bana
d. Ikenobo
a. Rikkwa
Through the development of the _________ style, Japanese flower arrangements evolved into the three-demensional designs that were later adapted into Western floral arrangements.

a. Rikkwa
b. Nageire
c. Jiyu-bana
d. Ikenobo
a. Rikkwa
In all arrangements when looking at the principles of design, the floral designer is striving for emphasis, balance, proportion, _____________, ___________, and unity.

a. Texture, color
b. Depth, height
c. Rhythm, harmony
d. Interest, desire
c. Rhythm, harmony
The use of negative spaces or voids within the arrangement is equally as important as sizes of flowers in creating a pleasing proportion.

a. True
b. False
a. True
An analogous color scheme is created by combining any three ______ found next to each other on the color wheel. The color scheme has a great emotional appeal because any three colors that lie next to each other on the color wheel were developed from a single primary color.

a. Shades
b. Tones
c. Tints
d. Hues
d. Hues
A monochromatic color scheme is created from flowers and foliage with the tints and shades of a single ______.

a. Value
b. Tone
c. Hue
d. None of the above
c. Hue
Filler flowers add a finishing touch to an arrangement. The two types of filler flowers used in flower arrangements are ________ and _______.

a. Leather leaf, lemon leaf
b. Bunch, feather
c. Texture, fluffer leaf
d. Depth, height
b. Bunch, feather
The temperature that benefits the majority of the flowers held by a florist is 35° - 40° F ___________°C.

a. 4°, 4.5°
b. 7°, 12°
c. 5°, 7.5°
d. 15°, 17°
a. 4°, 4.5°
The size of the wire is listed according to its gauge number. The higher the gauge number, the ____________ wire.

a. Heavier
b. Lighter
c. Finer
d. None of the above
c. Finer
Several different types of grafting have been developed including __________ splice, side, ____________, side-veneer, cleft, bark, and approach grafting.

a. Swirl (tongue), budding
b. Whip (tongue), ring (annular)
c. T (shield), inverted T
d. Whip (tongue), side-tongue
d. Whip (tongue), side-tongue
Soluble salts refer to the total dissolved ions in media water solutions. Soluble salts are measured by means of electrical conductivity; the lesser the soluble salt concentration, the more easily an electrical current will pass through a medium water solution.

a. True
b. False
b. False
___________ are/is the fiber of a palm tree used like string or ribbon to tie things together.

a. Salal leaves
b. Cornucopia
c. Raffia
d. None of the above
c. Raffia
__________, commonly called _____ throughout the trade, is the traditional filler flower for mixed bouquets and arrangements.

a. Gladiolus, gla
b. Golxinia, Glox
c. Godetia, Gode
d. Gypsophila, gyp
d. Gypsophila, gyp
Sunflower is also known as _________.

a. Helianthus
b. Helichrysum
c. Heliotropium
d. Hemerocallis
a. Helianthus
Daylily also known as __________.

a. Helianthus
b. Helichrysum
c. Heliotropium
d. Hemerocallis
d. Hemerocallis
Amaryllis also known as ________________.

a. Hosta spp.
b. Hippeastrum hybrids
c. Hydrangea
d. Hibiscus moscheutos/ H. hybrids
b. Hippeastrum hybrids
Snapdragons can be stored for three to four days, dry or in water, at 40°F (4°C).

a. True
b. False
a. True
The most important consideration in setting up an irrigation system is _________ quality.

a. air
b. water
c. soil
d. piping
b. Water
__________ refers to the brightness or dullness of the color within a hue.

a. value
b. intensity
c. chroma
d. triad
c. Chroma
A standard water analysis usually includes ________, _______, and _______.

a. pH, EC, alkalinity
b. fluoride, aluminum, zinc
a. pH, EC, alkalinity
Pinching naturally accelerates a plant's branching.

a. True
b. False
b. False
The process of pinching a plant removes the _________ factory and eliminates the _________ concentration of the _________ hormone from the upper portion of the plant.

a. auxin, high, inhibitory
b. tunic, low, hibitory
c. auxin, low, hibitory
d. high, low, inhibitory
a. Auxin, High, inhibitory
Oriental style arrangements are based on carefully placed branches, flowers, and small amounts of foliage.

a. true
b. false
a. True
Acid is injected into the irrigation water to neutralize the __________.

a. growth
b. volume
c. alkalinity
d. light
c. Alkalinity
The most common acids used for alkalinity control are _________, __________, and _________.

a. phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric
b. sodium, calcium, potassium
c. sulfuric, magnesium, manganese
d. citric, ethanoic, tartaric
a. Phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric
Packaging foiled plants for removal from the shop is most easily done by using:

a. a plastic tub
b. a cardboard box
c. a sleeve
d. a large bag
c. A sleeve
Mold growth is almost always nonpathogenic to your crop.

a. true
b. false
a. True
When several types of smaller specimens of foliage plants are placed in a brass or pottery container, a _________ is created.

a. split complementary design
b. triad design
c. garden dish
d. floral leaf bowl
c. Garden dish
In plant nutrition, EC refers to ________.

a. economic conditions
b. electrical conductivity
c. environmental conditions
d. electrical conduit
b. Electrical conductivity
The general pH range for greenhouse crops in a soilless medium is _______.

a. 5.4 - 6.8
b. 4.0 - 6.0
c. 7.2 - 8.1
d. 4.5 - 8.6
a. 5.4 - 6.8
In floral design, _______ gives the illusion that all of the flower stems are coming from one point.

a. radiation
b. physical balance
c. visual balance
d. symmetrical balance
a. Radiation
Water alkalinity is a measure of basic ions, mainly bicarbonates and carbonates, dissolved in the water.

a. true
b. false
a. True
_________ analysis can be conducted to determine the nutrient status of the crop or for problem solving.

a. stem
b. foliar
c. pH
d. chemical
b. Foliar
The ________ design makes an excellent centerpiece because it is attractive when viewed from either the front or the back.

a. right-triangular
b. horizontal
c. equilateral triangle
d. vertical
b. Horizontal
Boutonnieres should not be designed with a bow.

a. true
b. false
a. True
Immediate steps to lower the medium's EC are ________ and ________.

a. increase fertilizer rate, increase fertilization frequency
b. lower fertilizer rate, decrease fertilization frequency
c. increase alkalinity levels, increase potassium bicarbonate
d. lower potassium-calcium-magnesium ratio, decrease magnesium sulfate
b. Lower fertilizer rate, decrease fertilization frequency
In general, plants will become heat stressed at night temperatures above 75° F (24° C) and day temperatures above 90° F (32° C).

a. true
b. false
a. True
The ________ tube is used to provide a stem for tube-shaped flowers.

a. stephanotis
b. hairpin
c. skeleton
d. corsage
a. Stephanotis
The four elements of design in floral arrangements are _________, ________, ________, and _______.

a. simplicity, beauty, custom, symbolism
b. custom, line, color, texture, space
c. line, form, texture, color
d. none of the above
c. Line, form, texture, color
DIF is defined as:

a. the difference in daytime temperature and the nighttime temperature
b. the difference in fertilization
c. data interchange format
d. difficulty in fertilization
a. The difference in daytime temperature and the nighttime temperature
The term "daily light integral" is used to describe hr total quantity of light delivered within a 12 hour period.

a. true
b. false
b. False
The wholesale pricing method is based on the concept that ________ of the retail selling price is made up of the wholesale value of materials being used.

a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 50%
b. 40%
The biggest insect problems in plugs are ______ and _________.

a. fungus gnats, shore flies
b. foxglove aphids, chrysanthemum aphids
c. silver leaf whiteflies, banded wing whiteflies
d. broad mites and bulb mites
a. Fungus gnats, shore flies
The area of emphasis on an arrangement is called the ___________.

a. recessed focal point
b. radiation focal point
c. weak focal point
d. focal point accent
d. Focal point accent
Traditional temperature regimes for greenhouse production are to run ________ days and _______ nights.

a. cool, warm
b. warm, cool
c. cool, cool
d. warm, warm
b. Warm, cool
A common flaw in establishing a focal area is to:

a. using flowers that are too large
b. using flowers that are too small
c. crowd the flowers together very closely
d. not using enough flowers
c. Crowd the flowers together very closely
Nitrogen deficiency, ammonium toxicity and phosphorus deficiency are some of the common reasons of __________ disorders in greenhouse crops.

a. media
b. nutrient
c. water quality
d. heating
b. Nutrient
Line-mass arrangements which are based on straight lines include vertical, diagonal, L-shaped, and __________.

a. crescent
b. inverted-T
c. S-curve
d. Hogarth curve
b. Inverted-T
The formula for determining average daily temperature (ADT) is:

a. (day temperature x hours) ÷ 24
b. (day temperature x hours) ÷ 12
c. (day temperature x hours) + (night temperature x hours) ÷ 24
d. (day temperature x hours) + (night temperature x hours) ÷ 12
c. (Day temperature x hours) + (night temperature x hours) ÷ 24
A common guideline in floral design to make the height of the arrangement at least 1-1/2 times the height of the container.

a. true
b. false
a. True
_________ is the art of organizing the design elements inherent in plant materials, container, and accessories according to the principles of design.

a. color design
b. flower arrangement
c. proportional balance
d. floral design
d. Floral design
The most widely used mechanics item used for supporting flowers in arrangements is:

a. chicken wire
b. plastic grid
c. tape
d. floral foam
d. Floral foam
The premier student organization for young people interested in the floral industry is the __________.

a. national florist association
b. national ffa organization
c. national horticulture association
d. future business leaders organization
b. National FFA Organization
Correcting high pH can be achieved by ___________.

a. using a high-ammonium fertilizer combined with low alkalinity
b. using a low-ammonium fertilizer combined with high alkalinity
c. applying potassium bicarbonate
d. drenching soil with flowable lime
a. Using a high-ammonium fertilizer combined with low alkalinity
The stitch method is a foliage wiring technique used on solid or wide leaves so the leaves can be shaped and curved to fit the style and shaped of a corsage or boutonnière.

a. true
b. false
a. True
A "half-couch casket spray" is:

a. a triangular one-sided, hand-tied design
b. a small design displayed inside the casket lid
c. a large casket piece that is placed in the center of a closed full couch
d. a floral piece that is placed on the right side of a half couch
d. A floral piece that is placed on the right of side of a half couch.
Boutonnières should never be designed with more than a single flower.

a. true
b. false
b. False
Flower arrangements are more pleasing to the eye when their outline creates a _________ pattern.

a. geometric
b. round
c. triangular
d. crescent
a. Geometric
Tulips, hyacinths, crocus, and daffodils are all flowering bulbs.

a. true
b. false
a. True
The ________ orchid is the largest of the orchid types used by florists for corsages.

a. cattleya
b. cymbidium
c. dendrobium
d. phalaenopsis
a. Cattleya
By tradition, on Mother's Day, a ________ flower or corsage is worn by a daughter as a symbol of love and honor for a living mother, and ________ flowers are worn as a memorial for a mother who is no longer living.

a. white, pink
b. yellow, white
c. red, white
d. pink, yellow
c. Red, white
High or low fertility levels can ________ crop susceptibility to _______ and _______.

a. decrease, heat, cold
b. increase, insects, mites
c. increase, heat, cold
d. decrease, insects, mites
b. Increase, insects, mites
A ________bouquet is a round bouquet that is based on the English nosegay of the Georgian and Victorian eras.

a. cascade
b. colonial
c. arm
d. crescent
b. Colonial
__________ is the application of water-soluble fertilizers through the irrigation of water.

a. fertigation
b. irrigation
c. pre-plant fertilization
d. water motor-controlled injection
a. Fertigation
Considerations when planning a wedding include:

a. Location of the wedding
b. Time of year
c. Budget range
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Accepted neutral, monochromatic, analogous, and split complementary are the most common ________ used by florists in designs.

a. color schemes
b. floral arrangements
c. texture arrangements
d. lines
a. Color schemes
________ is a technique of positioning plant materials very close together to cover foam in organized lines or areas.

a. binding
b. pillowing
c. pavé
d. terracing
c. Pavé
Yellow margins and necrotic edges, especially on lower leaves; leaves may curl up or down; root tips may be necrotic are all symptoms of what type of toxicity?

a. nitrogen
b. calcium
c. ammonium
d. sulfur
c. Ammonium
DIF, used for height management of crops, is the difference between the daytime temperature and __________.

a. temperature requirement
b. morning temperature
c. nighttime temperature
d. none of the above
c. Nighttime temperature
In commercial greenhouses, which of the following methods are commonly used as a way to regulate plant growth without using chemicals?

a. Crop timing
b. Water stress
c. Container size
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
"Agrobacerium tumefaciens" is a pathogen that is commonly known as _________.

a. Crown gall
b. Flower distortion
c. Clorotic mottle
d. None of the above
a. Crown gall
The recommended pH level for greenhouse crops in a soilless medium is ____ - ____.

a. 3.0 - 3.5
b. 5.6 - 6.2
c. 4.0 - 4.3
d. All of the above
b. 5.6 - 6.2
The virtual visual path that directs eye movement through a composition is ________.

a. Pattern
b. Line
c. Form
d. None of the above
b. Line
Orange, green, and violet are _________ colors.

a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Intermediate
d. Tertiary
b. Secondary
The fundamental guidelines to aesthetic design that governs the organizations of the elements and materials in accordance with the laws of nature are known as the _________________.

a. Elements of Design
b. Transitions of Design
c. Principles of Design
d. None of the above
c. Principles of Design
Which of the following is NOT a plant hormone that can be used as a plant growth regulator?

a. Ethylene
b. Anthocyanin
c. Abscisic acid
d. Gibberellin
b. Anthocyanin
A 28 gauge florist wire is _______ than 18 gauge florist wire.

a. Thicker
b. Thinner
c. Longer
d. Shorter
b. Thinner
The LDâ‚…â‚€ of a pesticide indicates:

a. The amount of the pesticide required to kill half of a test population of the test subject
b. The time before re-entry into a chemically treated area
c. The amount of chemical needed for effective pest control
d. None of the above
a. The amount of the pesticide required to kill half of a test population of the test subject
Pesticide toxicity is measured in LDâ‚…â‚€ or LCâ‚…â‚€ numbers. Which of the following LDâ‚…â‚€ numbers for pesticides is the most toxic?

a. 295 mg/kg
b. 1,217 mg/kg
c. 34 mg/kg
d. 4,237 mg/kg
c. 34 mg/kg
The planned area within a floral design, which is devoid of flowers, foliage or other objects, but is still integral to the design is known as _________.

a. The focal area
b. Positive space
c. Negative space
d. All of the above
c. Negative space
The placement of materials at different levels within and around a floral arrangement helps to establish ___________.

a. Pattern
b. Form
c. Depth
d. Balance
c. Depth
With mat irrigation, water moves by _________ from the mat into the root substrate in the pot to maintain constant moisture.

a. Zero-leaching
b. Capillary action
c. Xeri-action
d. Overhead
b. Capillary action
The cost of the plant materials (i.e. cost of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, or other plant propagules) would be examples of _______ costs on a financial planning sheet.

a. Wholesale
b. Overhead
c. Fixed
d. Direct
d. Direct
Achromatic, monochromatic, analogous and complementary are a few of the classically recognized ___________.

a. Hues
b. Color values
c. Color harmonies
d. None of the above
c. Color harmonies
When propagating asexually, roses can be reproduced from __________.

a. Vegetative cuttings
b. Budded plants
c. Grafted plants
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Soil pH is based on the concentration of _________ ions in the soil.

a. Calcium
b. Hydrogen
c. Oxygen
d. Sulfur
b. Hydrogen
Which of the describes edema in geraniums?

a. Water soaked blisters generally on the underside of the leaf
b. Swelling of the stem of the plant
c. No visual effects to the foliage of the plant
d. Root disorder causing the demise of the plant
a. Water soaked blisters generally on the underside of the leaf
Which of the following is NOT a part of the pistil of the plant?

a. Style
b. Ovary
c. Stigma
d. Filament
d. Filament
The _________ phase begins when a plant's seed germinates and grows, producing leaves, stems, and roots.

a. Annual
b. Dormancy
c. Reproductive
d. Vegetative
d. Vegetative
The tiny pores in the epidermis of a leaf through which gas enters and escapes are ________.

a. Cuticle
b. Petiole
c. Stipule
d. Stomata
d. Stomata
The process of a plant losing water through the leaves in the form of water vapor is referred to as __________.

a. Dehydration
b. Photosynthesis
c. Respiration
d. Transpiration
d. Transpiration
The waxy coating, called the __________, serves to prevent excessive water loss from the leaf tissues.

a. Axil
b. Blade
c. Cuticle
d. Vein
c. Cuticle
Lime furnishes __________, one of the most important of the macro food elements.

a. Potassium
b. Phosphorus
c. Sulfur
d. Calcium
d. Calcium
Auxin is responsible for apical dominance in plants. Auxin is produced in three places in the plant located in the __________, ___________, and ___________.

a. Main stem, older leaves, and flowers
b. Flower buds, leaf buds, and fruit
c. Leaf petiole, shoot tips, and main older roots
d. Shoot tips, young leaf blades, and root tips
d. Shoot tips, young leaf blades, and root tips
A complete fertilizer is recommended for a greenhouse crop. Which fertilizer analysis below is NOT a complete fertilizer?

a. 16 - 4 - 8
b. 10 - 0 - 10
c. 5 - 10 - 10
d. 17- 17 - 17
b. 10 - 0 - 10
Mass flowers include all of the following except:

a. Chrysanthemums
b. Baby's breath
c. Carnations
d. Zinnias
b. Baby's breath
Two hues directly opposite each other on the color wheel are ________ colors.

a. Diadic
b. Monochromatic
c. Polychromatic
d. Complementary
d. Complementary
Broken, implied, and continuous are all part of which element of floral design?

a. Space
b. Line
c. Color
d. Texture
b. Line
Light inside a greenhouse is measured in ____________.

a. Solar energy
b. Foot light
c. Foot candles
d. Solar candles
c. Foot candles
Poinsettias require a ________ to reproduce colored bracts.

a. Short day photoperiod
b. Long day photoperiod
c. Cool day temperature regime
d. Cool night temperature regime
a. Short day photoperiod
Thrips can be effectively managed in the greenhouse by using:

a. A biological control such as the predator 'swirski mite'
b. A chemical control such as the insecticide spinosad
c. Screening over vents and other openings
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
An insect ___________ generally does not kill insects, but instead drives them away before they attack the plant.

a. attractant
b. pheromone
c. repellant
d. sterilant
c. Repellant
To help identify plants, flower forms are grouped as to their position or arrangement on a stem. The flower position or arrangement is known as ___________.

a. Flower inflorescence
b. Perfect flower
c. Imperfect flower
d. Flower calyx
a. Flower inflorescence
After pollination and fertilization, the flower petals begin to drop and the ovary and other surrounding parts enlarge and develop into a ______.

a. Fruit
b. Leaf
c. New flower
d. Raceme
a. Fruit
Which of the following diseases does NOT affect the root system of plants?

a. Botrytis
b. Pythium
c. Rhizoctonia
d. Phyrophthora
a. Botrytis
The Environmental Protection Agency establishes toxicity categories for pesticides based on how soon one can reenter the area after it has been treated with the pesticide. Which toxicity level can be reentered immediately after pesticide application?

a. Toxicity 1
b. Toxicity 2
c. Toxicity 3
d. Toxicity 4
d. Toxicity 4
In order to preserve foliage in a more natural, pliable state, place stems in:

a. Glycerin
b. Bleach
c. Herbicidal soap
d. Borax
a. Glycerin
Greenhouse glazing is:

a. Material sprayed on the roof of a greenhouse to change light intensity
b. The transparent cover of the greenhouse frame
c. The amount of solar energy that reaches the plants in a greenhouse
d. A measure of heat loss from a greenhouse
b. The transparent cover of the greenhouse frame
When water is not applied frequently enough, plants wilt and ___________.

a. Photosynthesis is slowed
b. Plant growth is slowed
c. Cell production
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Plants are divided into C₃ and C₄ groups. C₄ plants are differentiated from C₃ plants by which of the following?

a. C₄ plants flower in shades of red where as C₃ plants do not
b. Câ‚„ plants have a higher relative photosynthesis rate
c. Câ‚„ plants are not as efficient at using carbon dioxide
d. Câ‚„ plants cannot function as well under high temperature and light conditions
b. Câ‚„ plants have a higher relative photosynthesis rate
A plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant is known as a _______.

a. Clone
b. Seedling
c. Replica
d. Hybrid
a. Clone
Cross-pollination occurs when pollen grains from the flowers on one plant transfer to the ________ of flowers on another plant.

a. Anther
b. Ovary
c. Stigma
d. Style
c. Stigma
__________ is a process of events whereby the seed embryo goes from a dormant state to an actively growing state.

a. Broadcasting
b. Fertilization
c. Germination
d. Pollination
c. Germination
Some seeds have a hard seed coat that must be soaked or scratched before the seeds are able to germinate. This process is called ___________.

a. Drenching
b. Forcing
c. Scarification
d. Stratification
c. Scarification
The _______ is the food storage tissue in the seed that nourishes the plant during germination.

a. Embryonic root
b. Endosperm
c. Seed coat
d. Seed leaf
b. Endosperm
_______ is a gray-white soil mix material of volcanic origin that is most commonly used to improve aeration of growing media.

a. Coir
b. Peat moss
c. Perlite
d. Vermiculite
c. Perlite
The ability of a plant to withstand colder temperatures is known as __________.

a. Cold-sensitive
b. Heat-tolerant
c. Hardiness
d. Morphology
c. Hardiness
__________ are plants characterized by one cotyledon in the seedling stage, flower parts in threes or multiples thereof, and parallel leaf venation.

a. Dicots
b. Evergreens
c. Monocots
d. Perennials
c. Monocots
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