Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Microbiology-Exam One (section two)

Terms in this set (34)

who called the microbial world "chaos?"
Carolus Linnaeus
famous classifier of species, Swedish botanist
Carolus Linnaeus
early taxonomists faced two challenges as they attempted to classify microbes...
1) resolution of the light microscope was too low

2) microbial species are hard to define
resolution of the light microscope was too low...
challenge was overcome via advances in biochemistry and microscopy
microbial species are hard to define...
nevertheless, microbiologists have devised working definitions of microbial species

>95% similarity of DNA sequence
said microbes are neither plant nor animal
Ernst Haeckel
divided Monera into two groups

Eukaryotic protists (protozoa and algae)= nucleus
Prokaryotic bacteria= no true nucleus
Herbert Copeland
who added Fungi as a fifth kingdom of eukaryotic microbes
Robert Whittaker
who drastically modified the five-kingdom system?
Lynn Margulis
who proposed this??

eukaryotic organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, evolved by ____________ from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes
Lynn Margulis

endosymbiosis
why was the endosymbiosis theory controversial?
it implied a species evolved from MORE THAN ONE ancestry instead of the long-held assumption that species evolve only by divergence from a common ancestor
in 1977, who was studying recently discovered prokaryotes that

-live in hot springs
-produce methane
Carl Woese
Carl Woese

analysis of the 16 rRNA revealed the prokaryotes were a distinct form of life

what did he call them?
archaea
whose discovery replaced the classification scheme of five kingdoms with three equally distinct groups?
Woese
Woese's discovery created the three domains...
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
in the three domain model, the mitochondria derives from ancient ______________________, whereas chloroplasts derive from ancient ______________________
proteobacteria

cyanobacteria
more than ___________% of what we know about microbes today was discovered after 1900
99
advances in _____________ and ________________ revealed the fundamental structure and function of cell membranes and proteins
biochemistry

microscopy
two instruments had exceptional impact on the study of cell structure...
electron microscope

ultracentrifuge
who developed the electron microscope? and what did it reveal?
Ernst Ruska

revealed internal structure of cells
what is an ultracentrifuge?
a very fast centrifuge
who developed the ultracentrifuge? what did it enable?
Theodor Svedberg

enabled separation of subcellular parts (ex: mitochondria)
who discovered transformation in bacteria?
Frederick Griffith
who showed that the transforming substance is DNA?
Oswald Avery and colleagues
who used x-ray crystallography to determine that DNA is a double helix?
Rosalind Franklin
who discovered the complementary bases and antiparallel nature of DNA?
James Watson
Francis Crick
Maurice Wilkins
the promise of DNA was first fulfilled in _________________ and ________________________
bacteria

bacteriophages
bacteria readily _____________ DNA from ____________ organisms
recombine

unrelated
_____________ DNA ultimately enabled us to ____________ genes
recombinant

transfer
a heat-stable __________________________ was used for amplifying DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
DNA polymerase
_______________________ discovered in bacteria provided models for animals and plants
gene regulation
the unknown consequences of _________________ DNA technology concerned the public and scientists alike
recombinant
1975, assess and restrict experiments on _____________ DNA
recombinant
in 1971, protein synthesis inspired the classic cult film, ________________
Protein Synthesis: An Epic on the Cellular Level
Other sets by this creator