Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America

Terms in this set (55)

Commonwealth
Republic
Petition of Right
A petition stating four ancient liberties
Long parliament
The Parliament that Charles convened in 1640 and met on and off for the next 20 years, giving it this nickname
Cavaliers
Supported the king; royalists
Roundheads
Supported the Parliament
Constitution
A document outlining the basic laws and principles that govern a nation
Habeas corpus
legal right protecting individuals from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment
Cabinet
Heads of government department who advise the head of state
Prime minister
Head of government in Great Britain
Restoration
The reign of Charles II, when the English monarchy was restored
Limited constitutional monarchy
Government in which the monarch remains head of the state, but the king or queen is required to consult Parliament
Sea dogs
An adventurous group of English sea captains
Tories
Believes James had a hereditary right to rule, supported the Anglican Church and would be willing to accept a Roman Catholic king
Whigs
Scottish Presbyterians, rebellious, claimed the right to deny the throne to James and wanted a strong Parliament and opposed having a Catholic ruler
Glorious Revolution
A bloodless transfer of power in the English monarchy
English Bill of Rights
A document in 1689 that declared the powers of Parliament and protected private citizens
Executive branch
A branch of government that enforces the laws and is headed by the president
Legislative branch
A branch of government that makes the laws
Judicial branch
A branch of government that interprets and applies the laws.
Articles of Confederation
A plan that set up central government, with a one-house Congress in which each state had a single vote
Bill of Rights
The ten amendments of the U.S Constitution that protect the freedoms and rights of individuals
Charles I
Believed in the divine right of kings, which put him out of touch with the people and politics of England.
Oliver Cromwell
A rising Puritan leader, who organized his troops into a powerful army
New Model Army
One of Cromwell's armies that defeated Charles in 1645
Rump Parliament
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords
Navigation Act of 1651
Requires all goods to be shipped to England from other countries be carried by English ships or by ships of the producing country
James II
Charles II's Catholic brother who came to throne and antagonized both Tories and Whigs
William III
Famous soldier who defeated the powerful French and married to Mary (James II daughter)
Mary II
James II's daughter, who was invited to the throne by parliament after her father was asked to step down
Thomas Hobbes
An English philosopher who said people chose a leader to rule them. They made an unwritten "social contract" , giving the leader absolute power
John Locke
An English philosopher who accepted the social contract, but believed people had given up only some of their individual rights
Toleration Act
Granted some religious freedoms to Dissenters and did not protect Roman Catholics or Jews, but barred Dissenters from holding public office
John Cabot
A Venetian captain who explored the coasts of Newfoundland
Sir Francis Drake
A trader/pirate that belonged to the group of sea dogs
Henry Hudson
Was one of the first to search for the Northwest Passage. Hudson Bay and river are named after him
Enlightenment
Thinkers believed in natural law during the 1700s
Rationalism
The belief that truth can be determined solely by logical thinking
Philosophies
Thinkers of the Enlightenment
The encyclopedia
A sort of handbook describing the ideas of the Enlightenment
Denis Diderot
Edited the encyclopedia
Baron de Montesquieu
A philosopher that adopted the ideas of John Locke and published The Spirit of the Laws
Voltaire
French writer, Francois-Marie Arouet, who exemplified the spirit of the Enlightenment
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Published The Social Contract
Popular sovereignty
Government must be created by and controlled by the people
Enlightened despotism
A system of government in which an absolute monarch would rule
Mary Wollstonecraft
An English author who became an early spokesperson for women's rights
Stamp Act
A law that imposed tax, in the form of a special stamp on all sorts of documents
King George III
Reigned from 1760 to 1820 and was the first Hanoverian monarch to be born in England
Lord North
A new prime minister who was willing to carry out his policies
Patriots
One third of colonists who wanted independence
Loyalists
One third of colonists that opposed independence
Thomas Jefferson
Declaration's principal author
George Washington
The commander of the American forces
Benjamin Franklin
Chief American peace negotiator
Federal system of government
The Constitution provided this and would declare war, raise armies, and make treaties
Sets with similar terms