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a & p

Terms in this set (21)

Name the structure and function of the plasma membrane.
▪ Structure-Fluid mosaic model
▪ Phospholipid arrangement
▪ Hydrophilic ("water-loving") polar "heads" are oriented on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane
▪ Hydrophobic ("water-hating") nonpolar "tails" form the center (interior) of the membrane
▪ Proteins
▪ Responsible for specialized functions, such as enzymes, receptors, and transport as channels or carriers
▪ Cholesterol
▪ Helps maintain the integrity of the cell membrane
▪ Sugars
▪ Glycoproteins are branched sugars attached to proteins that abut the extracellular space
▪ Glycocalyx is the fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell's surface
▪ Function
▪ Transparent barrier for cell contents
▪ Contains cell contents
▪ Separates cell contents from surrounding environment
List the four types of membranes in the human body
1. Cutaneous
2. Mucous
3. Serous
4. Synovial
Name the four organic molecules and three characteristics of each.
▪ Carbohydrates
▪ Readily available energy for cells
▪ Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
▪ Include sugars and starches
▪ Classified according to size
▪ Monosaccharides—simple sugars
▪ Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
▪ Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars ▪ Lipids
▪ Stored energy for cells
▪ Insulation for body
▪ Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
▪ Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen ▪ Insoluble in water, but soluble in other lipids
▪ Most abundant are the triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids ▪ Proteins
▪ Account for over half of the body's organic matter
▪ Provide for construction materials for body tissues
▪ Play a vital role in cell function
▪ Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
▪ Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
▪ Built from amino acids
▪ Primary structure
▪ Secondary structure( Alpha helix and Beta-pleated sheet)
▪ Tertiary structure
▪ Quaternary structure
▪ Nucleic acids
▪ Make up genes/genetic blueprint of the cell
▪ Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms
▪ Largest biological molecules in the body
▪ DNA, RNA, ATP
List the four major elements of the human body.
1. Oxygen (O)
2. Carbon (C)
3. Hydrogen (H)
4. Nitrogen (N)
List the five survival needs of the human body.
▪ Nutrients
▪ Oxygen
▪ Water
▪ Stable body temperature
▪ Atmospheric pressure
Explain the difference between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds
▪ Ionic bonds
▪ Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
▪ Allow atoms to achieve stability through the transfer of electrons
▪ Ions result from the loss or gain of electrons
▪ Anions have negative charge due to gain of electron(s)
▪ Cations have positive charge due to loss of electron(s)
▪ Covalent bonds
▪ Atoms become stable through shared electrons
▪ Atoms can share one, two, or three pairs of electrons
▪ Covalent bonds are either nonpolar or polar
▪ Nonpolar: Electrons are shared equally and are electrically neutral as a molecule
▪ Polar: Electrons are not shared equally the molecule has a positive and negative side, or pole
▪ Hydrogen bonds
▪ Weak chemical bonds
▪ Hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of a polar molecule
▪ Provides attraction between molecules
▪ Responsible for the surface tension of water
▪ Important for forming intramolecular bonds, as in protein structure
Define anatomy. Define physiology.
▪ Anatomy: Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
▪ Physiology: Study of how the body and its parts work or function
Name the layers of the epidermis from outermost to innermost. Tell me which layers are dead, dying, living, and actively dividing.
▪ Stratum corneum: Shedding layer of the skin-dead
▪ Stratum lucidum: Dead cells
▪ Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet
▪ Stratum granulosum: some living and some dying cells
▪ Stratum spinosum: living cells, but not little mitosis
▪ Stratum basale (stratum germinativum): Highly mitotic
▪ Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers
Name the levels of organization from smallest to largest.
1. Atoms
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Organ systems
6. Organisms
Name the three types of skin burns. What is the rule of nines? How does the rule of nine help define critical burns?
▪ First-degree burns (partial-thickness burn)
▪ Second-degree burns (partial-thickness burn)
▪ Third-degree burns (full-thickness burn)
▪ Rule of nines: Way to determine the extent of burns by each compartment being 9%.
▪ Burns are considered critical if
▪ Over 25 percent of body has second-degree burns
▪ Over 10 percent of the body has third-degree burns
▪ There are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet
Compare and contrast passive vs active transport. Be sure to include examples of each.
▪ Passive processes
▪ No energy (ATP) is required
▪ Diffusion-Molecule movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient
▪ Osmosis—simple diffusion of water
▪ Facilitated diffusion-Large molecules can move high to low with the help of smaller molecules
▪ Filtration-Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
▪ Active processes
▪ Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP)
▪ In most cases, substances are moved against concentration (or electrical) gradients
▪ sodium-potassium pump
▪ Vesicular transport- endocytosis and exocytosis
List the proteins that give skin its color. Which one is primarily responsible for the skin's color?
1. Melanin- Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments
2. Carotene- Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
3. Hemoglobin- Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
Define homeostasis. Name and explain the three components need to maintain homeostasis.
▪ Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment
▪ Receptor
▪ Control center
▪ Effector
Explain the two ways to regulate homeostasis. Give an example of each.
▪ Negative feedback- Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
-Any example other than blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
▪ Positive feedback- Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
-blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
List and explain the four properties of water.
1. High heat capacity- stays liquid in extreme hot and cold temps
2. Polarity/solvent properties-H-bonds allow solids to de dissolved into solutions
3. Chemical reactivity-hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions
4. Cushioning-protection
Name the three types of skin cancer. Which is most common? Which is most malignant?
▪ Basal cell carcinoma- Most common type
▪ Squamous cell carcinoma
▪ Malignant melanoma-Most malignant and deadly
List the steps of tissue repair.
▪ Inflammation
▪ Granulation tissue forms
▪ Regeneration of surface epithelium
Name the eleven organ systems and name one function and one organ of each.
1. Integumentary 7. Respiratory
2. Skeletal 8. Lymphatic
3. Muscular 9. Digestive
4. Nervous 10. Urinary
5. Endocrine 11. Reproductive
6. Cardiovascular
Name the layers of the dermis from superficial to deep. Give at least one characteristic of each.
1. Papillary layer (upper dermal region)
▪ Projections called dermal papillae
▪ Some contain capillary loops
▪ Others house pain receptors (free nerve endings) and touch receptors
▪ Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat
2. Reticular layer (deepest skin layer)
▪ Blood vessels
▪ Sweat and oil glands
▪ Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)
List four functions of the integumentary system.
▪ Protects deeper tissues from:
▪ Mechanical damage (bumps)
▪ Chemical damage (acids and bases)
▪ Bacterial damage
▪ Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight)
▪ Thermal damage (heat or cold)
▪ Desiccation (drying out)
▪ Aids in loss or retention of body heat as controlled by the nervous system
▪ Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
▪ Synthesizes vitamin D
▪ Cutaneous sensory receptors detect touch, temperature, pressure, and pain
List the eight necessary life functions
1. Maintain boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion 5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth
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