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nervous system

Terms in this set (111)

the nervous system is one of the main.....
communication systems in the body.
Brain ..... messages
interprets
Basic structural unit is the ......... or ..... cell
NEURON
nerve
a neuron consists of....
DENDRITES
CELL BODY
THE AXON
TERMINAL BRANCHES
Cell body consists of
nucleus & mitochondria
Dendrites consist of ........... ........... that collect stimuli & carry impulses toward the ........ body
nerve fibers
cell
a single nerve fiber that carries impulses away from cell body
Axon
what wraps around the axon, covering it with a fatty Myelin sheath that insulates and maintains the integrity of the axon.
Schwann cells
Terminal branches at the end of the axon are filled with sacs that contain chemical messengers called .........
neurotransmitters
The axon of one neuron lies next to the ............ to another neuron
dendrites
three types of neuron functions
afferent
efferent
associative
sensory nerves.
Nerves carry messages from body to brain and spinal cord providing info. About the environment
afferent
motor nerves
Directing body actions
efferent
interneurons
Form bridges to transmit impulses between other neurons
associative
Cavities that connect with each other, subarachnoid space and central canal of spinal cord
Ventries
BRAIN has ... ventricles
4
Brain has ventries Filled with fluid called ........................ fluid
cerebrospinal
2 Divisions of Nervous System
Central nervous system CNS
Peripheral nervous system PNS
what nerous system directs activity of entire nervous system
Central nervous system CNS
31 pairs of spinal nerves that transmit information to and from spinal cord and cranial nerves that transmit information to and from the brain
Also includes specialized nerve endings called sensory receptors
Peripheral nervous system PNS
Peripheral nervous system includes specialized nerve endings called ................. ................. which respond to stimuli such as pain pressure and temperature
sensory receptors
Nerves that transmit impulses from the sensory receptors of the skin, muscles and joints to the CNS are called .......
afferent (sensory) nerves
Nerves that transmit impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands are called ......
efferent (motor) nerves
Stimulate skeletal muscle causing them to develop tension
12 cranial nerves
31 peripheral nerves
Somatic (voluntary) Nervous System
Controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscles of organs, digestion, etc. Maintains everyday functions that sustain life
Sympathetic branch
Parasympathetic branch
Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
Known as "glial cells" and are specialized to perform support functions.
Neuroglia
nerve tissue found between neurons and control the chemical environment to protect the neuron from harmful substances in the blood
Astrocytes
nerve tissue that absorbs an dispose of dead cells and bacteria
Microglia
nerve tissue that forms protective covering around the spinal cord and ventral cavities within the brain
Ependymal cells
nerve tissue that wraps around nerve fibers and produce insulating material (myelin)
Oligodendrocytes
Transmit information in the form of nerve impulses throughout the body
neurons
includes nucleus, mitochondria
Cell body
collect stimuli and transport them to cell body
Dendrites
transmit impulses from cell body
Axons
wrap axon covering it with myelin sheath to insulate as well as increase rate of impulse transmission
Schwann cells
external covering of the Schwann cells, outside of the myelin sheath
Neurilemma
exposed gaps between the schwann cells
Nodes of ranvier
end of each axon. Can be thousands of axon terminals connecting with other neurons and muscles. Filled with small sacs of chemicals called neurotransmitters.
Terminal branches
Axon terminals are separated by gaps called ............
synaptic clefts
3 types of neurons
Sensory neurons (afferent)
Motor neurons (efferent)
Associative neurons (mixed)
what neuron Carries impulses from skin and organs to spinal cord and brain to provide info about external/internal environment
Sensory neurons (afferent)
what neurons Transmit impulses from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, directing the body's action
Motor neurons (efferent)
what neurons From bridges to transmit impulses between other neurons
Associative neurons (mixed)
Neurons have 1 behavioral property in common with muscles:
irritability (response to environment)
an electrical charge that transmits information between neurons
Nerve impulse
When neurons are at rest, they have potassium ions (K+) inside the cell membrane and sodium ions (Na+) outside the cell membrane. The distribution of these ions is so the inside is more negatively charged than the outside. This is called .......
polarized
Stimulation of the neuron causes the cell membrane to pen allowing a rush of sodium ions into the cell. This results in the electrical charge within the cell to become more positive allowing the neuron to be ........
depolarized
Once the nerve impulse occurs, the membrane become permeable allowing K+ to leave the cell restoring the electrical balance. This is called .....
repolarization
presence or absence of myelin sheath and the diameter of the axon - impact the speed of an impulse
Impulse Transmission
Communication between ome cells occur directly at the synapse (space between neurons)
Synaptic transmission
brain is divided into 4 main parts
cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem
what part of the brain controls intellectual processes and emotions
cerebrum
what part of the brain controls homeostasis
diencephalon
what part of the brain maintains body posture and balance
cerebellum
what part of the brain controls breathing, heartbeat rates and reactions to auditory and visual stimuli.
brain stem
the central nervous system contains the....
Cerebrum
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital Lobe
Limbic System
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Blood-brain barrier
Peripheral Nervous System consists of the .......... and ........... nervous systems
somatic
autonomic
..... pairs of cranial nerves; ......... originate from brainstem.
12
10
spinal nerves and cranial nerves are arpart of the ........... nervous system
peripheral
Autonomic Nervous System is a ........... of peripheral nervous system
Branch
what nervous system maintains balance in the involuntary functions of the body and allows the body to react in times of emergency
automatic nervous system
2 divisions of automatic nervous system are
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
In times of emergency the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body to .......
act
After the emergency, the ......... nervous system counteracts actions of the sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic
Both due to trauma and can be serious
Concussion vs Contusion
bleeding with or beneath the skin
Bruise
Concussions are more "............." and "..................."
widespread
microscopic
Opening in the spinal column
At delivery, spinal cord and nerves ad exposed causing nerve damage
Results in paralysis
Spina Bifida (congenital disease)
- Excessive accumulation of the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles
- Symptoms include abnormally large head, prominent forehead, irritability, retardation
- Treated with surgical shunt between ventricles
Hydrocephalus
Caused by brain damage at birth
Lack of oxygen, birth injuries, infection, etc.
Cerebral Palsy
aka stroke
Blood flow to the brain is paired resulting in brain tissue damage
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Inflammation of the brain resulting in weakness, visual disturbances, vomiting, stiff neck and back, coma
Encephalitis
Seizure syndrome
Disorder associated with abnormal electrical impulse in the neurons of the brain
Epilepsy
Inflammation of meninges of the brain nad/or spinal cord
Caused by bacteria or virus
Treatment includes medications and anticonvulsants
Meningitis
Chronic, progressive disabling condition resulting from calcium deposits in brain tissue
Occurs between 20 and 40 y.o.
Cause is unknown
Progression at different rates depending on the person
No cure
Multiple sclerosis
Nerve pain
Caused by inflammation, pressure, toxins and other disease
Treatment directed at eliminating the cause of the pain
Neuralgia
Usually results from brain or spinal cord injury
No cure, treatment is supportive
Paralysis
Paralysis on one side
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of the arms, legs and body below the spinal cord injury
Quadriplegia
Paralysis below the waist
Paraplegia
Chronic, progressive degeneration of brain cells
Usually in people over 50 y.o.
Treatment is supportive and symptomatic
Parkinson's disease
Herpes zoster
Inflammation of the nerve cells caused by herpes virus
Same virus that causes chicken pox
Shingles
General term defining a loss in at least two areas of complex behavior such as language, memory, visual/spatial abilities or judgement
Dementia
Progressive disease
Initial symptom is usually a problem with remembering recently learned information
Nerve endings in the cortex of the brain degenerate and block signals
Alzheimer's disease
3 membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
3 membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord of the meninges are....
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
I
Olfactory
what function does the Olfactory do
smell
II
Optic
what function does the optic do
see
III
Oculomotor
what function does the Oculomotor do
Pupil dilation: eye movement
IV
Trochlear
V
Trigeminal
VI
Abducens
VII
Facial
VIII
Vestibulocochleal
IX
Glossopharyngeal
X
Vagus
XI
Spinal accessory
XII
Hypoglossal
what function does the Oculomotor nerve do
Pupil dilation: eye movement
what function does the Trochlear nerve do
Turns eye downward
what function does the Trigeminal nerve do
Face & mouth touch, chewing
what function does the Abducens nerve do
Turns eye upward
what functions does the Facial nerve do
Controls facial expressions, secrets, tears/etc
what function does the Vestibulocochleal nerve do
Hearing, equilibrium
what function does the Glossopharyngeal nerve do
Taste, senses carotid blood pressure
what does the Vagus nerve do
Blood pressure, slows HR, simulates digestive
what does the Spinal accessory nerve do
Controls trapezius/sternomastoid
what does the Hypoglossal nerve do
Movement of tongue muscles
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