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a&p test 2

Terms in this set (138)

short bones
long as they are wide, wrist and ankle joints carples of the weist
long bones
femur, bones in fingers, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna
flat bones
bones found in the roof of the skull, sternum and ribs, and pelvis, scapulae
irregular bones
vertebrae, or column protect the spinal cord, pubis, ilium, ischium
ssesamoid bones
embedded in tendons, knee, and feet, patella
parietal bone
articulate with the coronal suture
occipital bone
back and base of the cranium, forms the back of the skull, forms part of the nasal cavity and the orbits main support structure of the nasal cavity
temporal bone
ear canal, articulates with the zygomatic bone, apart of the mastoid process. contains the external acoustic meatus.
sphenoid bone
anterior to the temporal bones and forms the base of cranium- behind the orbitals. articulates with the frontal, parietal and temporal bones. contains the Sella Turcica
ethmoid bone
consists of ethmoidal cells, superior nasal conchae and middle nasal conchae, perpendicular plate
frontal bone
Forehead, extending down to form the upper surfaces of the orbits. Anterior roof of the skull. articulate with the coronal suture.
osteons
fundamental functional unit of much compact bone. central canal contains blood vessels and nerve tissue.
Blood calcium concentrations
maintained by calcium stores in the skeleton
calcitonin
is released when the blood calcium is too high
pectoral girdle
is apart of the appendicular skeleton
hyoid
In the neck, below the tongue, held together by the styloid process of the temporal bone. Supports the tongue, providing attachment sites for some tongue muscles, and also some muscles of the neck and pharynx.
lacrimal
Supports the tongue, providing attachment sites for some tongue muscles, and also some muscles of the neck and pharynx.Contain foramina for the nasolacrimal ducts
maxilla
upper jaw bone, which also forms the lower parts of the orbits. Bone into which the upper teeth are attached.
palatine
Back of the roof of the mouth
Turbinator
hese terms refer to any of three thin bones that form the sides of the nasal cavity
Vomer
Thin roughly triangular plate of bone on the floor of the nasal cavity and part of the nasal septum. unpaired facial bone and mandible
Zygomatic
forms the prominent part of the cheeks. Also contributes to the orbits. Articulates with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal bones.
clavicle
Long bone(s) positioned in an approximately horizontal orientation between the base of the neck and the shoulders. Forms the anterior aspect of the shoulder girdle. Articulates with the sternum (medially) and the scapulae (laterally). also at the Acromion
HUMERUS
long bone located in upper arm. Providing the mechanical structure of the upper-arms. Articulates with the scapula, enabling movement of the arms at the shoulder joints.
scapula
large, flat, triangular bones that form the posterior shoulder girdle. Articulates with the clavicle and humerus, enabling movement of the arms at the shoulder joints.
Manubrium
the head of the sternum
Body
the middle or body of the sternum
Xiphoid process
The tail or end of the sternum
Costal groove
contains blood vessels and nerves
Sacrum
located in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hip bones of the pelvis. articulates with the lumbar, coccyx, illium and hip bone not the 2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebrae but between L5 and the coccyx
Coccyx
small bone located at the base of the spinal column in humans formed or fused vestigial vertebrae
Functions of the Skeletal System
Support, Protection, Movement, Storage and Release of Movement, Storage and Release of Minerals, Blood Cell Production NOT a function is contraction
The axial skeleton
forms the central axis of the body and is made up of the cranium, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It functions to protect the internal organs and to provide a site of attachment for the limbs.
The appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
are unspecialized mesenchymal cells (a tissue from which most connective tissue is derived). They are found predominantly alongside the membranes that surround the bones and the blood vessels in bone canals. These cells are the only bone cells to undergo cell division, with the resulting cells developing into bone producing cells (osteoblasts).
Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are bone producing cells present in bone marrow and other connective tissues. The function of the osteoblast is to synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components. These are used to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue and to initiate calcification. When osteoblasts surround themselves with extracellular matrix, they become trapped in their own secretions and eventually become osteocytes. PRODUCE osteiods
Osteocytes
They are derived from osteoblasts and are found within the matrix of the bone. Their function is to maintain the daily metabolism of bone tissue, which includes the exchange of nutrients and waste with the blood. Located in Lacunae.
osteoid
is the produced by osteoblasts that becomes the mineralized matrix of bone.
osteoclasts
dissolve bone and increase blood calcium
synovial fluid
thick liquid that lubricates the joint and allows for ease of movement
articular capsule
a joint cavity, the potential space bounded by the synovial membrane and articular cartilages of all synovial joints. Normally, the articular cavity contains only sufficient synovial fluid to lubricate the internal surfaces.
articular cartilage
The epiphysis is typically covered with
accessory ligaments
separate ligaments or parts of the joint capsule. They are made up of bundles of dense regular connective tissue, which are highly adapted for resisting strain
bursae
fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint
osteoarthritis
A type of arthritis that occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down.
rib cage
Flat bones, articulate with the thoracic vertebrae
Hip bone
large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty) it is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
radius
one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna.
ulna
medial to the radius
The pisiform
is the most medial and proximal carpal bone
styloid process of the ulna and radius
stabilizes the wrist
intramemranous ossification
compact and spongy bone develops, The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles
endochondral ossification
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage, base of the skull and long bones form. Blood vessels penetrate and invade the central region of the cartilaginous model. this first area they invade is____________-
ossification
in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation.
compact bone
dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain the osteocytes
spongy bone
filled with red bone marrow.very important for producing blood cells. It is found in the ends of long bones and in the bones of the pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and skull. also found in expanded ends where long bones articulate with other skeletal elements
Fossa
shallow depression in the bone
the head is located at the
epiphyses of the humerus and femur
Jugular notch
is the superior indentation of the manubrium
Vertebrosternal ribs
attach to the sternum via costal cartilage
The ileum, ischium and pubis bones articulate
at the Acetabulum
The ischial tuberosities
bear the weight of the body when seated
the tibia contains the medial
Malleoulus
the sacrum articulates with the
iliac bones on either side, and L5
the distal tibia articulates with the
talus
a synovial join is a
diarthrotic joint
olecranon and humerus articulation is a
hinge joint
the plan joint is one of the joints found in the
wrist
hyperextension is extension
beyond the normal point of extension
abduction
spreading of the figures
dorsiflexion
lifting a stone witht he tip of the foot
supination
turning the hand palm upward
ball-in-socket
the shoulder
hinge joint
the elbow, flexion and extension
plane joint
the ankle
saddle joint
thumb
pronation and supination
possible at the head of the radius and capitulum
elevation and depression
is the mandibular movement when chewing food
crest
prominent ridge where ligaments or tendons attach to the bone are called
trochlea
a smooth, grooved articulation process of bone shaped like a pulley
tuberosity
a muscle attachment site, which appears as slightly raised and roughened area on the bone
process
general term for a bony projection often where a muscle tendon or ligament attaches to the bone
condyle
a large rounded articulating process of the bone
mineral storage
which function of the skeletal system helps maintain calcium homeostasis
foramen
anatomical term describes a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves
canaliculi
narrow passageways that allow ostocytes to communicate with neighboring ostocytes are called
trabeculae
the meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers that make up spongy bones are
epiphysis
the term for the expanded end of the long bone where the joint surfaces are located is the
red bone marrow
responsible for blood cell formation
lacunae
the spaces in the bony matrix where osteocytes exist are
ostogenic cells
primitive cells that can produce osteoblasts are called
lamella
osteons are formed by layers of nested cylinders each called
apposition growth on the outer surface of bones result in
an increase in the diameter of growing bone
acromegaly
The result of overproduction of growth hormone after puberty can result in a condition called
Marfan's syndrome
A tall, slender person with unusually long, slender limbs because of excess cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages has what disorder?
Epiphyseal line
The presence of which structure is a clear indication that the person has reached their adult height and has stopped growing?
cartilage is not replaced by bone until after puberty
The region known as the epiphyseal plate is the area where __________
Mesenchyme or embryonic fibrous connective tissue
What type of tissue is replaced by bone in intramembranous ossification?
Hyoid bone
Which of the following bones does NOT directly articulate with the skull but is an important site for muscle attachment for the larynx, pharynx, and tongue?
The sagittal suture joins __________.
the parietal bones to each other
The sinuses, or internal chambers in the skull, are found in the __________.
sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Which part of the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland?
Sella turcica
Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone?
maxilla
Which bone forms the posterior and inferior portions of the cranium and contains a large opening called the foramen magnum?
Occipital bone
The sutures that articulate the bones of the skull are the __________ sutures.
lambdoidal, sagittal, coronal, and squamous
What is the difference between vertebrosternal ribs and vertebrochondral ribs?
Vertebrosternal ribs connect directly to the sternum, whereas vertebrochondral ribs do not.
Which of the following consists of five fused vertebrae and articulates with the pelvic girdle?
Sacrum
Ribs pairs 8, 9, and 10 are called __________.
vertebrochondral ribs
What bones connect the axial skeleton and the lower appendicular skeleton?
The sacrum and the pelvic girdle
The sacrum and the pelvic girdle
Lumbar vertebrae
What is the term for the opening in the vertebrae that encloses the spinal cord?
Vertebral foramen
The intervertebral foramina __________.
permit the passage of nerves to and from the spinal cord
The first seven ribs are called __________, and they connect to the sternum by individual costal cartilages.
true ribs
three components of the sternum
manubrium, body and xiphoid process
Which vertebral process projects posteriorly?
Spinous process
Which ribs are named false ribs?
Rib pairs 8-12
Which region of the vertebral column articulates with the ribs?
Thoracic
What is the only bone in the ankle that articulates with the tibia and the fibula?
Talus
The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to __________.
position the shoulder joint and provide a base for arm movement
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the femur?
Lateral malleolus
Which bones form the palm of the hand?
Metacarpals
The head of the ulna is located __________ to the ulnar tuberosity.
distal
At its proximal end, the round head of the humerus articulates with the __________.
scapula
Which feature of the ulna forms the point of the elbow?
Olecranon
The only joint between the upper appendage and the axial skeleton involves which bones?
Clavicle and sternum
The trochlea of the humerus articulates with what bone?
ulna
The malleolus of the fibula is always on the __________ aspect of the leg.
lateral
What rough area of the ilium marks the site of articulation with the sacrum?
Auricular surface
Weight transfer occurs along the __________ of the foot.
longitudinal arch
The distal carpals are the __________.
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
Which of the following features, found on the tibia and fibula, provide(s) support for the ankle joint?
Malleoli
The joint between the two coxal bones is called the __________.
the pubic symphysis
The enlarged roughened projection that bears your weight when you are sitting is the __________.
ischial tuberosity
What is the large sesamoid bone found in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris?
Patella
Compared to the axial skeleton, which of the following is not a function of the appendicular skeleton?
Protecting abdominal and thoracic organs
What is the name of the large, concave socket that articulates with the head of the femur?
Acetabulum
Which of the following tarsals forms the bone of the heel?
Calcaneus
Which of the following statements is most accurate comparing the differences in male and female pelvic girdle?
The pelvic inlet in the female is more open and circular.
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