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Anatomy Week 5

Terms in this set (78)

each bone in an organ has
special connective tissue, covered and lined by fibrous connective tissue, nervous and epithelial tissue; living tissue
types of bones
compact and cancellous
compact bone type
dense, composed of osteons- distributes blood and nerve vessels, thick layer on periphery, outside
cancellous bone type
spongy or trabecular bone, composed of spicules and plates of bone, under compact bone, interior
periosteum
covers outside of bone, dense, firbous connective tissue, bound to actual bone by collagen fibers
endosteum
covers inner surface of bone, thin, delicate connective tissue
bone function physically
support shape and alignment of body parts, protect organs, act as levers to transform muscle contractions into movement
bone function metabolically
mineral storage of calcium and phosphate, blood cell production called hematopoiesis in bone marrow, fat storage when bone marrow turns yellow
axial skeleton
composed of bones on axis, skull, ribs, sternum and vertebrae, to support and protection of organs
appendicular skeleton
forelimb and hindlimb for movement
heterotropic bones
unusual bones, none in people but dogs may have bone in penis
classification by location
axial, appendicular, heterotopic
classification by shape
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
long bones
hollow rod with expanded ends, only in appendicular
short bones
small cubotal bones that have multiple articular surfaces, only carpals and tarsals
flat bones
flat, duh.
irregular bones
no definitive shape
sesamoid bones
small, flat bones that are embedded in tendons
long bone components
diaphysis, epiphysis, physis or physeal plate
diaphysis
shaft, tube of compact bone enclosing the medullary cavity
epiphysis
ends, wider than shaft, composed of cancellous bone and covered by articular cartilage
physis or physeal plate
separate epiphysis from diaphysis, area of growth, hyaline cartilage gets replaced by bones and growth stops so it is called a plate
components of bone
cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts; extracellular matrix: osteoid
osteoblasts
bone forming: repair and growth, producing and secretes bone matrix, on surface of bone, inactive is flat, active is tall
osteocytes
mature bone cells, surrounded by matrix, maintains matrix, lets small molecules and ions pass thru cells
osteoclasts
break down matrix and cartilage; large, multinucleated cells; releases enzymes (collagenase) and protons
what happens with release in enzymes and protons
too much to write and I cant make it shorter
bone matrix
organic and mineralized
organic matrix
called osteoid; flexible; composed of type 1 collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
mineralized matrix
50% of dry bone, rigid, composed of collagen and crystallized inorganic mineral salts
bone schematic overview
too complicated to write
importance of bone cells
5% of bone mass is being remodeled at any given time, stress increases strength of bone, remodeling removes injured bone and maintains Ca+2 balances in the blood
osteogensis
endochondral ossification, cartilaginous model forms, primary and secondary centers of ossification forms, maturation
formation of cartilage model
chemical messengers cause undifferentiated cells to crowd into bone shape, cells differentiate into chondroblasts and secretes extracellular matrix, and the cartilage model grows (then matrix calcifies and chondrocytes die)
where does the cartilage model grow?
during fetal development
formation of medullary cavity
osteoclasts breakdown calcified cartilage and creates a void which will be the cavity;
endochondral ossification
secondary center of ossification, occurs at each epiphysis, no medullary cavity in epiphysis
when perichondrium is replaced by bone it is now called
periosteum
physeal plate does not change in thickness but
moves away from middle of diaphysis and increases bone length
in puberty
bone deposition overtakes dividing cartilage so no more growth in height; closure of growth plate, no more physeal plate
accessory structures
bone marrow, articular cavity, tendons and ligaments
bone marrow
red- developing blood cells within cavity, yellow- fat storage within cavity
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones to permit smooth movement
tendons
cords of fibrous connective tissue connecting muscle to bone
ligaments
fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone, continuous with periosteum
hip joint
coxal-synovial-ball and socket joint; wide range of motion
femoral head
articulates with acetabulum, coxal joint
acetabulum
lateral, articulates with femur head, stabilized by two ligaments plus cartilage
acetabular fossa
does not articulate with femur, attachment site for ligament of femoral head
what ligaments and cartilage stabilize the acetumulum and femur
ligament of femoral head, transverse acetabular ligament, rim of fibrocartilage
ligament of femoral head
head of femur to acetabulum, prevents it from coming out of acetabulum
transverse acetabular ligament
spans the acetabulum notch to close gap in bone, prevents femur from slipping distally but still allows blood vessels and nerves to enter/exit without becoming compressed
rim of fibrocartilage
outlines acetabulum, acetabular lip (labrium), purpose is to make the acetabulum deeper
femoropatellar joint
stabilized by bone shape and ligaments, patella is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle and held in the trochlea of femur vie medial and lateral femoropatellar ligament
femoropatellar ligaments
attached to small sesamoid bones called fabela and located on caudal aspect of femur
patella ligament
portions of the tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle that runs distally from the patella to the proximal tibia
femorotibial joint
femur and tibia, incongruent joint- has extra features to increase congruence and stability of joint
stabilizers of the femorotibial joint
fibrocartilage disks (2), intracapsular ligaments (8), extracapsular ligament (2)
fibrocartilage
called menisci; attached to tibia; abaxial is thicker than axial; tibial condyles are flat while the femoral condyles are round
function of menisci
load transmission, shock absorption, increase congruence, maintain the stability of the joint
intracapsular ligaments
attach each menisci to tibia (cranial or caudal tibia, medial or lateral meniscus-4); attach both menisci together (1); attach lateral meniscus to femur (1); limit cranial and caudal movement of femur to the tibia
cranial tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus
attaches caudal to the transverse ligament
caudal tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus
lateral to tibial attachment of the caudal cruciate ligament
cranial tibial ligament of the medial meniscus
attaches medial meniscus to tibia
caudal tibial ligament of the medial meniscus
attaches cranial to the tibial attachment of the caudal cruciate ligament
transverse meniscal ligament
runs between the cranial angles of the two menisci and attaches both
meniscofemoral ligament
runs from the caudal angle of the lateral meniscus to the intercondylar area of the distal femur
cranial (anterior) cruciate ligament
runs from the caudal portion of the intercondylar fossa of the femur to the cranial intercondylar area of the tibia; more common to injure; prevents abnormal tibia movement cranially
caudal (posterior) cruciate ligament
arises from the cranial portion of the intercondylar fossa of the femur and inserts in the caudal intercondylar area of the tibia; prevents abnormal tibia movement caudally
drawer movement
only tibia moves, femur stays in place
medial collateral ligament of the knee joint
runs from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial side of the tibia distal to the condyle. it attaches to the medial meniscus as it crosses it
lateral collateral ligament of the knee joint
arises from the lateral epicondyle of the femur caudal to the origins of the long digital extensor and popliteal muscles and ends on the head of the fibula
tarsocrural joint
called cock-ankle joint; all movement of the joint takes place here; articulation of the distal tibia and the distal fibula with the trochlea of the talus- blue
calcaneua is firmly attached to the talus soooo
there is virtually no movement between them
talocalcaneocentral joint
comprised of the talus and calcaneus proximally and the cantral tarsal bone distally- purple (left side only)
calcaneoquartal joint
compromised of calcaneus and fourth tarsal bone- purple (right side only)
tarsometatarsal joint
at each digit; -green
joint capsules of the tarsocrural and combines talocalcaneocentral and calcaneoquartal joints communicate as do
joint capsules of the centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints communicate
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