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anatomy exam 2 bramblett

Terms in this set (231)

conception- birth
prenatal period
embryonic period
1-8 (organs form)
fetal period
9-38 (organs grow and get more complex)
which body plan parts are chordate only
DHNC
Notochord and vertebrae
Pharyngeal pouches
Post anal tail

others
tube within a tube
bilateral symmetry
segmentation
coelomic cavities derive from what unlike cavities of nervous and respiratory systems
tissues of mesodermal origin
parietal
outer
visceral
inner
visceral pericardium
epicardium
embryonic stages
gametogenesis
fertilization
cleavage
gastrulation
neurulation
gametogenesis
formation of haploid 1n gametes
spermatogenesis
formation of sperm in testes
oogenesis
formation of egg in ovaries
fertilization
union of egg and sperm to form diploid 2n zygote
where does fertilization/syngamy/conception take place
uterine tube/Fallopian tube/oviduct
where does implantation occur
uterus/womb
cleavage
rapid cell division no growth

shape of embryo doesn't change except for formation of central cavity
blastomere
cells that form as result of cleavage
morula
cluster of 16-64 cells
blastula/blastocyst
after morula or blastomere enters uterus, it takes up fluid, then implants into uterine wall
blastocyst
implants into uterine wall and forms two distinct populations
trophoblast
inner cell mass
trophoblast
forms embryonic part of placenta
inner cell mass
develops into embryo
develops into 2 distinct populations
epiblast
hypoblast
epiblast
forms amniotic sac
hypoblast
yolk sac
gastrulation
embryo transforms from 2 layered bilaminar disc into 3 layered trilaminar disc
primitive streak
raised groove on dorsal surface through which epiblast cells migrate inward and displace hypoblast cells
primary germ layers
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
endoderm
innermost or ventral (initially) sheets of cells or epithelium
colored yellow
mesoderm
middle feely migrating or mesenchymal cell group
colored red
ectoderm
outermost or most dorsal ( initially) sheet of cells or epithelium
colored blue
what do primary germ layers give rise to
all cells tissues and organs of developing embryo
neurulation
formation of DHNC
primitive node/primitive knot/hensens node
swelling at cranial end of primitive streak which epiblasts migrate through to develop notochord
notochord origin
mostly mesodermal
notochord
signals overlying ectoderm to form DHNC
neural tube will form from thickening of ectoderm (neural plate)
neural plate folds inward to form neural groove
eventually closes to from DHNC/neural tube
DHNC origin
ectoderm
neural crest cell origin
ectodermal cells (lateral to neural plate)
neural crest cells form
sensory nerve cells
mesenchyme
melanocytes of epidermis
dentine of teeth
some bones of skull
neural crest cells are considered
fourth germ layer
surface ectoderm forms
hair
epidermis
nails
skin glands
neural ectoderm forms
brain
spinal cord
mesoderm forms
notochord - nucleus pulposus
types of somites
dermatome
myotome
sclerotome
dermatome forms
dermis of integument of dorsal part
myotome forms
muscles of trunk and limbs
sclerotome differentiates into
vertebrae and ribs
intermediate mesoderm forms
kidneys
gonads
lateral plate mesoderm forms and
types
coelom
somatic
splanchnic
somatic mesoderm forms
parietal serosa
limb bones
ligaments
dermis (ventral)
splanchnic mesoderm forms
wall of digestive tract and respiratory tracts external to epidermal lining (endoderm)
visceral serosa
heart
blood vessels
endoderm forms
epithelial lining
glands og digestive and respiratory tract
major events
fertilization (uterine tube, zygote)
implantation ( blastocyst week 1-2)
inner cell mass may split=twins
gastrulation (3 germ layers week 3)
neurulation (neural tube week4)
body plan (week 4)
heart beat (week4)
brain waves in brain stem(week8)
fetal movement (5th month)
eyes open (6-7th month)
structure of cartilage
no blood vessels
no nerves
surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue/perichondrium
mostly 60-80 percent water
types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage
most abundant
frosted glass
collagen fibrils
where do you find hyaline cartilage
nose
articular cartilage
costal cartilage
larynx
trachea
bronchi
elastic cartilage
elastic fibers
collagen fibrils
very flexible
where would you find elastic cartilage
external ear
epiglottis
fibrocartilage
unusual
resists both tension and compression
structurally intermediate between hyaline and dense regular connective tissue
thick collagen fibers
where would you find fibrocartilage
articular discs/menisci
intervertebral discs
pubic symphyses
external ear
highly flexible elastic cartilage
external nose
flexible hyaline cartilage
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage
end of long bones at moveable joints
costal cartilages
hyaline cartilage
connecting ribs to sternum
larynx
hyaline laryngeal cartilage
which gives shape to larynx
elastic epiglottal cartilage
which prevents food and liquids from entering trachea
trachea and bronchi
hyaline cartilage
keeps airways open
intervertebral disc
fibrocartilage
specifically annuli fibrous
pubic symphyses
fibrocartilage
articular disc/menisci
fibrocartilage
occur within fluid filled joints
appositional growth
growth from outside
chondroblasts in perichondrium secrete new cartilaginous matrix
interstitial growth
growth from inside
chondrocytes inside cartilage divide and secrete new cartilaginous matrix
calcified cartiage
not bone
crystals of CaPO4 precipitate into surrounding matrix
results from growth and aging
bone -support
framework
skeletal muscle attachment
bone -movement
skeletal muscle attachment
levers
bone- protection
protect internal organs
brain
spinal cord
heart
lungs
bone- mineral storage
stores calcium and phosphate
calcium is important for
skeletal muscle contraction
phosphate is important in
energy pathways
bone- cell formation/energy storage
blood cell formation in red marrow
lipid storage in yellow marrow
long bones
appendicular
humerus
femur
short bones
appendicular
carpals
tarsals
irregular bones
axial and appendicular
vertebrae
pelves
flat bones
axial and appendicular
skull
ribs
scapula
types of bone
compact
spongy (trabecular)
diaphysis
epiphysis
shaft
end
are bones well vascularized
yes
medullary cavity
blood cell formation
lipid storage
bone membranes
connective tissue
endosteum
periosteum
periosteum
connective tissue
outer surfaces
not epiphysis
osteoblasts and osteoclasts found here
endosteum
connective tissue
inner surfaces
canals of osteons
surfaces of trabeculae
osteoblast nd osteoclasts found here
chemical composition of bone
35% organic
cels, fibers(collagen),ground substance
65%inorganic
CaPO4-
membrane bones are derived from
mesenchyme through intramembranous ossification
intramembranous ossification
mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
osteoblasts secrete osteoid
osteoid becomes mineralized
once osteoblasts are surrounded by matrix the differentiate into mature bone cells
intramembranous bone examples
skull bones and clavicles
osteoblasts are derived from
mesenchyme
osteoid
organic part that becomes mineralized
endochondral/ cartilage bones
start as hyaline cartilage replaced by bone
endochondral ossification
chondroblasts form hyaline cartilage matrix and differentiate into chondrocytes
chondrocytes die and are replaced by osteoblasts
osteocytes and cartilaginous matrix are eroded away by osteoclasts
emdochondral bone examples
most long bones
epiphyseal plate/growth plate
hyaline cartilage located between shaft and end that allows for growth
eventually ossify and bone no longer lengthens
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage
cushion bones
osteoclasts
multinucleate
erode bone tissue
osteoclast origin
hematopoietic stem cell origin
similar to blood
integument
largest organ of body composed of dermis and epidermis
epidermis
composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
not vascularized
4-5 layers
appendages
project into the underlying dermis
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
hairs
nails
dermis
below epidermis
connective tissue proper
adipose tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
hypodermis
below the dermis
adipose tissue
loose irregular connective
thick skin
5 layers
palms and soles
thin skin
4 layers
rest of the body
keratinocytes
most abundant
produce keratin
in all layers
dead and flattened in top 2 layers
melanocytes
in deepest layer
produce melanin
Merkel cells
in deepest layer
touch receptors
associated with nerve fiber endings
langerhans cells
spiny layer
immune response
stratum basale/basal layer/stratum germanitivium
deepest layer
single layer of cells
basal/stem keratinocytes
merkel cells
melanocytes
melanin granules
lysosomes
basal stem keratinocytes
rapidly dividing cells that regenerate the epidermis
melanin granules
produce melanin within melanocytes
melanin pigment is then transferred to keratinocytes
cluster on the superficial side shielding the nuclei from UV radiation
keratinocytes have more melanin than the melanocytes
lysosomes
melanin is digested by lysosomes a short distance above basal layer in light skinned individuals
stratum spinousum /spiny layer
several layers thick
above basal layer
called spiny because of the spine like extensions that radiate away from keratinocytes
artifact of preparation
result of cell junctions between adjacent keratinocytes
spiny layer keratinocytes
divide less rapidly than keratinocytes in basal layer
langerhan cells are where
found in spiny layer
immune response
take up foreign particles and travel to lymph nodes to activate lymphocytes
receptor mediated endocytosis
used by langerhan cells to collect antigens
intermediate filaments/tonofilaments
present within the spiny layer
resist tension
stratum granulosum/granular layer
directly above the spiny layer
1-5 layers thick
keratinocytes
monofilaments
keratinohyaline granules
keratin
lemellated granules
glycolipids
plasma membrane
nutrients
keratinocytes (granular)
begin to flatten and contain monofilaments and two types of granules
keratinohyaline granules
lamellate granules
tonofilaments
intracellular proteins that resist tension
keratinohyaline granules
in keratinocytes
form protein keratin
lemellated granules
in keratinocytes
produce glycolipids that are secreted out of the cell
glycolipid
waterproof epidermis
slows water loss
plasma membrane
of keratinocytes begins to thicken
nutrients ( granular )
uppermost layer with living cells
molecules from capillaries in dermis cannot diffuse past granular layer
stratum lucidum /clear layer/transition zone
thick skin only
few cell layers thick
translucent
identical to overlying stratum
stratum corneum/horny layer
uppermost layer
several layer thick
cells are dead
filled with keratin
flattened
thickened plasma membranes
surrounded by glycolipids
constantly being shed
simply for protection from abrasion, desiccation, and penetration
dermis
deepest layer of integument
connective tissue proper
adipose tissue
dense irregular connective
2 layers
defense cells present
epidermal appendages
innervated and vascularized
vascular plexus
networks of blood vessels
cutaneous plexus
deepest plexus associated with dermis
'between hypodermic and dermis
sub papillary plexus
most superficial plexus associated with dermis
located below dermal papillae
dermal layers
papillary layer
reticular layer
papillary layer
most superficial 20 percent
areolar connective tissue
finger like projections(dermal papillae)
dermal papillae
project into the overlying epidermis
finger like projections
dermal ridges epidermal ridges
epidermal ridges are friction ridges underlain by dermal ridges and possessing sweat pores
these structures are responsible for finger prints
reticular layer
deepest 80 percent of dermis
dense irregular connective
adipose tissue
flexure lines extend into this region
flexure line
deep depressions on palms and around joints
what else is hypodermis called
superficial fascia
subcutaneous layer
serve as lipid storage
anchor skin
acts as insulator
pigments
melanin
carotene
hemoglobin
epidermal appendages
derivatives of epidermal tissues
project into underlying dermis
hair and hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat/sudoriferous glands
nails
hair
epidermal appendage
shafts project above integument
important in thermoregulation
hard keratin
hair and nails
soft keratin
epidermal cells
root
embedded within the integument
shaft
above the integument
layers of hair
medulla
cortex
cuticule
medulla
center
large cells
air spaces
absent in fine hair
cortex
surround medulla
several layers
flattened cells
present in fine hair
vellus hair
short fine hair
terminal hair
long coarse hair
hair follicles
surround growing shaft of hair
follicle receptor /root hair plexus
nerve endings associated with hair follicles
sensation you feel when hair shaft bends
hair papilla
dermal origin
dermal connective tissue that protrudes into base of hair follicle
supplies hair follicle with capillaries which delivers nutrients to growing hair
arrestor pili
goose bumps
smooth muscles
raise hair shaft
trap air to reduce heat loss
sebaceous glands
epidermal appendages
secrete oily substance
soften and lubricate hair and skin
reduce water loss
exorcine gland
sebaceous glands are exocrine glands
utilized locally
glands posses ducts or tubes
simple alveolar
sebaceous are simple alveolar
sebum
oily secretion
holocrine secretion
cells fill with sebum
burst to release
hormone stimulation
hormones stimulate release of sebum
simple tubular
sweat glands
coiled hose
eccrine
most common
true sweat
apocrine
arm pits and genitals
fatty sweat and proteins
odorless when secreted
bacterial decomposition causes musky odor
ceruminous
modified apocrine
ear wax
mammary gland
modified apocrine
milk
nails
scale like modifications
nail bed
nail rests on the nail bed
composed of epidermal cells
nail matrix
actively growing part of nail
lunule/lunula
white crescent
eponychium/ cuticule
epidermis overlaps cell
synarthroses
immovable
amphiarthroses
partially moveable
diarthroses
freely moveable
fibrous joints
bound by fibrous connective
no fluid filled joint
sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses
suture
tightly bound
minimal amount of fibrous connective tissue
syndesmoses
bound by ligaments
longer fibrous connective tissue than suture
gomphoses
peg in socket
tooth
fibrous connective tissue is a periodontal ligament
cartilaginous joint
bound by cartilage
no fluid filled cavity
synchondroses
symphyses
synchondroses
hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal/growth plate
costal cartilage
symphyses
joints united by fibrocartilage
pubic symphyses
intervertebral disc
synovial joint
numerous moveable
bound by fluid filled joint cavity
synovial fluid
blood filtrate
egg whites
viscous liquid
produced y capillary of inner synovial membrane
articular/joint capsule
2 layered structure enclosing cavity
outer fibrous capsule
inner synovial membrane
reinforcing ligaments
strengthen joint
are synovial joints innervated
yes
richly supplied with blood vessels and nerve fibers
articular discs/menisci
discs of fibrocartilage
divide synovial joint cavity
occur in joints with irregular articulating cavities
bursae
close bags of lubricant
act like ball bearings
tendon sheaths
elongated bursae
wrap tendons
classification of synovial joints
plan
hinge
saddle
ball and socket
pivot
condylar/condyloid
contractility
strong pulling forces that occur when a muscle contracts
excitability
electrical impulses cause muscle cells to contract
extensibility
muscles can be stretched by opposing forces like gravity and antagonistic muscle organs
elasticity
recoil passively
fibers
individual cells of skeletal and smooth muscle cells
myofilaments
actin and myosin
sarcolemma
plasma membrane
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm
sarcoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum
epimysium
dense irregular connective tissue
surrounds organ
perimysium
fibrous connective tissue
surrounds fasicle
endomysium
connective tissue
surrounds fiber/cell
what connect skeletal muscle organs to bones
fibrous connective tissue
biarticular joint/ multijoint skeletal muscle
spans 2 or more joints
tendon
cordlike
muscle to bone
associated with bone markings
tubercules
trochanters
crests
aponeuroses
sheet like
muscle to bone
raphe
seam of fibrous connective tissue
muscle to bone
aerobic
oxygen used to make ATP
anaerobic
no oxygen used to make ATP
myoglobin
oxygen binding pigment that is red in color
slow oxidative /type 1
relatively thin
red in color
contract relatively slowly
maintain posture
fast glycolytic/ type 2x `
relatively thick
pale
arms
relatively powerful
tire quickly
fast oxidative/ type 2a
intermediate in thickness
high myoglobin
red in color
legs
do not tire quickly
myocardium
thick muscle layer of heart
intercalated discs
desmosomes
fasciae adherens
gap junctions
desmosomes/anchoring junctions
binding cells together
fasciae adherens
desmosome like junctions
gap junctions/nexus
tunnel like
intracellular communication
synchronize contraction
do smooth muscles have sarcomeres
no
no sarcomeres
what stimulates contracting of an organ
stretching of an organ
hormones
what has high concentration of Ca
sarcoplasmic reticulum
action potentials
travel down t tubules to stimulate release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum which stimulates contraction
convergent
wife origins narrow insertions
pennate
fascicle short and oblique
allometry
differential changes in shape and size throughout development
ratio of surface area to volume __________ as body size _____________
decreases
increases
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