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BIOLOGY Overview Part 2

Terms in this set (77)

When ATP releases its energy, it forms

a- AMP
b- ADP
c- Pi
d- both AMP and Pi
e- both ADP and Pi
e- both ADP and Pi
The products of exergonic pathways are usually

a-lower in energy
b- higher in energy
c- larger and higher in energy
d-smaller and higher in energy
e-smaller and lower in energy
e- smaller and lower in energy
During enzyme-catalyzed reactions, substrate is a synonym for

a-end product
b- byproduct
c- enzyme
d- reactant
e- none of these
d- reactant
Enzymes increase the rate of a given reaction by lowering what kind of energy

a-combination
b- activation
c- thermal
d-electrical
e- solar
b- activation
Which of the following may show enzymatic activity

a-lipids
b-protiens
c-thermal
d-electrical
e- solar
b-protiens
Which of the following is NOT true of enzyme behavior

a- Enzyme shape may change during catalysis
b- The active site of an enzyme orients its substrate molecules, thereby promoting interaction of their reactive parts
c- All enzymes have an active site where substrates temporarily bond
d- Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions
e- None of these
d- Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions
Enzymes

a-control the speed of a reaction
b-change shape to facilitate certain reactions
c-may place physical stress on the bonds of the substrate
d-may require cofactors
e-are all of these
e- are all of these
Enzymatic reactions can be affected by

a-pH
b-salinity
c- temperature
d- cofactors
e- all of these
e- all of these
In metabolic pathways that are regulated by feedback inhibition, the ___ inhibits the activity of the __.

a- product, first enzyme
b-first enzyme, product
c- second enzyme, first enzyme
d- last enzyme, first enzyme
e- reactant, product
a- product, first enzyme
Allosteric inhibition is generally a result of

a-excess substrates
b-binding regulatory molecules at a site other than the active site
c- a change in the temperature of the system
d- binding of the regulatory molecule at the active site
e- pH inhibition
b- binding regulatory molecules at a site other than the active site
The removal of electrons from a compound is known as

a-dehydration
b-oxidation
c-reduction
d-phosphorylation
e- a nonreversible chemical reaction
b- oxidation
A(n) ___ is an organized series of reaction steps in which membrane-bound arrays of enzymes and other molecules give up and accept electrons in turn.

a- cyclic metabolic pathway
b-endergonic reaction
c-electron transfer chain
d- concentration gradient
e- passive transport
c- electron transfer chain
In a cyclic metabolic pathway, the

a-product inhibits the first enzyme
b- last step regenerates an enzyme for the first step
c- product inhibits the last enzyme
d- last step regenerates a reactant for the first step
e- regulatory molecules bind to regions other than the active site
d- last step regenerates a reactant for the first step
A single-celled freshwater organize, such as a protistan, is transferred to salt water. Which of the following is likely to happen

a- the cell bursts
b-salt is pumped out of the cell
c- the cell shrinks
d-enzymes flow out of the cell
e- all of these
c- the cell shrinks
In simple diffusion

a-the rate of movement of molecules is controlled by temperature and pressure
b-the movement of individual molecules is random
c- the movement of molecules of one substance is independent of the movement of any other substance
d- the net movement is away from the region of the highest concentration
e- all of these
e- all of these
Which statement is true

a- a cell placed in an isotonic solution will swell
b-a cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell
c- a cell placed in a hypotonic solution will shrink
d- a cell placed in a hypotonic solution will remain the same size
e- a cell placed in a hypertonic solution will swell
e- a cell placed in a hypertonic solution will swell
Which of the following is a passive process that requires a protein for movement of a solute across a membrane

a- active transport
b- endocytosis
c- bulk flow
d- facilitated diffusion
e- none of these
d- facilitated diffusion
Movement of a molecule against a concentration gradient occurs in

a-simple diffusion
b- facilitated diffusion
c- osmosis
d- active transport
e- passive transport
d- active transport
The sodium- potassium pump is an example of

a- simple diffusion
b- facilitated diffusion
c- osmosis
d- active transport
e- passive transport
d- active transport
The carrier molecules used in active transport are

a- calcium ions in the calcium pump
b-protiens
c- ATP molecules
d- carbohydrates
e- lipids
b-protiens
Bacteriophages are

a- large bacteria
b-pathogens (disease-producing bacteria)
c- viruses
d- cellular components
e-protistans
c- viruses
The building blocks of nucleic acids are

a-amino acids
b- fatty acids
c- monosaccharides
d- nucleotides
e- all of these
d- nucleotides
Which of the following is not related to the other four

a- amino acids
b- nucleotides
c- 5-carbon sugars
d- phosphate
e- nitrogenous bases
a- amino acids
In the paring of two nucleotides within the double helix

a- hydrogen bods are used
b- adenine and timing bind together
c- purines bind with pyrimidines
d- double-ring nitrogenous bases connect to single-ring babes
e- all of these occur
e- all of these occur
In the bonding of nitrogenous bases,

a- adenine is pared with cytosine
b- adenine is pared with guanine
c- cytosine is pared with thymine
d- guanine is pared with cytosine
e- guanine is pared with thymine
d- guanine is pared with cytosine
Which statement is true

a- The hydrogen bonding pf cytosine to guanine is an example of complementary base pairing
b-Adenine always pairs up with guanine in DNA, and cytosine always teams up with thymine
c- Each of the four nucleotides in a DNA molecule has the same nitrogen-containing base
d- When adenine bases pairs with thymine, they are linked by three hydrogen bonds
e- Un the DNA of all species, the amount of purines never equals the amount of pyrimidines
a- The hydrogen bonding pf cytosine to guanine is an example of complementary base pairing
Each DNA strand has a backbone that consists of alternating

a-purines and pyrimidines
b-nitrogen-containing bases
c- hydrogen bonds
d- sugar and phosphate molecules
e- amines and purines
d- sugar and phosphate molecules
The best adjective to describe DNA replication is

a-nondisruptive
b- semiconservative
c-progressive
d-conservative
e-lytic
b- semiconservative
Replication of DNA

a-produces RNA molecules
b-produces only new DNA
c-produces two molecules, each of which is half new and half old DNA joined lengthwise to each other
d- generates excessive DNA,w which eventually causes the nucleus to divide
e- is too complex to characterize
c-produces two molecules, each of which is half new and half old DNA joined lengthwise to each other
DNA polymerase

a-is an enzyme
b-adds new nucleotides to a strand
c-proofreads DNA strands to see that they are correct
d- makes rare mistakes resulting in mutation
e- is all of these
e- is all of these
DNA ligase

a-joins together fragments of DNA
b- replaces misfired bases
c-intitiates DNA replication
d- forms new DNA polymers
e- is all of these
a-joins together fragments of DNA
The DNA molecule is usually made up of how many strands

a-1
b-2
c-3
d-6
e-12
b-2
How many different typed of RNA molecules are needed to make protein

a-1
b-2
c-3
d-4
e-6
c-3
What is the form of RNA that carries the code form the DNA to the site where the protein is assembled

a-messenger RNA
b-nuclear RNA
c- ribosomal RNA
d- transfer RNA
e- structural RNA
a-messenger RNA
Which of the following carries amino acids to ribosomes, where amino acids are linked into the primary structure of a polypeptide

a- mRNA
b- tRNA
c- hnRNA
d- rRNA
e- all of these
b- tRNA
The nitrogenous base found in DNA but not in RNA is

a- adenine
b- cytosine
c- guanine
d- uracil
e- thymine
e- thymine
Which substance is found in RNA but not in DNA

a- thymine
b- deoxyribose
c- ribose
d- guanine
e- cytosine
c- ribose
Uracil will pair with

a- ribose
b- adenine
c- cytosine
d- thymine
e- guanine
b- adenine
The main component of ribosomes is

a-DNA
b-protien
c- RNA
d- both DNA and RNA
e- phospholipid
c- RNA
The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template strand is called

a-replication
b-translation
c- transcription
d- DNA synthesis
e- metabolism
c- transcription
The relationship between RNA and the DNA that served as the template is

a- antagonistic
b-opposite
c- complementary
d- an exact duplicate
e- unrelated
c- complementary
Which of the following catalyzes the process of transcription

a-RNA polymerase
b- DNA polymerase
c- ligase
d- gyrase
e- all of these
a-RNA polymerase
In transcription

a- several RNA molecules can be transcribed from the same DNA molecule
b- promoters are needed so that RNA polymerase can bind to DNA
c- DNA produces messenger RNA
d- a specific enzyme called RNA polymerase is required
e- all of these occur
e- all of these occur
The portion of DNA molecule that is translated is composed of

a- introns
b-anticodons
c-exons
d-transcriptions
e- both exons and transcriptions but not introns or anticodons
c-exons
In transcription

a-several amino acids are assembled by the messenger RNA molecules at one time
b- a special sequence called a promoter is necessary for transcription to begin
c- certain polypeptide sequences are governed by one ribosome, while other sequences are produces by other ribosomes
e- none of these occur
b- a special sequence called a promoter is necessary for transcription to begin
A polysome is

a- a ribosomal subunit
b- the nuclear organelle that synthesizes rRNA
c- an organelle that functions during meiosis
d- the two ribosomal subunits together
e- an mRNA molecule with several ribosomes attached
e- an mRNA molecule with several ribosomes attached
In transcription, ___ is used as a template for the construction of a new RNA molecule

a- the entire DNA molecule
b- both strands of a double-stranded segment of DNA
c- a segment of one strand of double-stranded DNA
d- an entire RNA molecule
e- a single-stranded segment of RNA
c- a segment of one strand of double-stranded DNA
The genetic code is made up of units consisting of how many nucleotides

a- 2
b- 3
c- 5
d- 6
e- 12
b- 3
There are how many different kinds of amino acids in proteins

a- 3
b-6
c- 12
d- 20
e- 28
d- 20
There are how many different mRNA codons

a- 3
b-12
c-28
d-64
e-120
d-64
Which of the following is the normal start codon for protein synthesis

a-AUG
b-UAA
c-UAG
d-UGA
e- none of these
a-AUG
The concept that a set of three nucleotides specifies a particular amino acid provides the basis for

a- the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis
b- the one gene, one polypeptide hypothesis
c- the genetic code
d- biochemical reactions among nucleic acids
e- all of these
c- the genetic code
Of all the different codons that exist, three of them

a- are involved in mutations
b- do not specify a particular amino acid
c- cannot be copied
d- provide instructions such as "stop"
e- do not specify a particular amino acid but provide instructions such as "stop"
e- do not specify a particular amino acid but provide instructions such as "stop"
If the DNA triplets were ATG-CGT, the mRNA codons would be

a- AUGCGU
b- ATGCGT
c- UACGCA
d- UAGCGU
e- none of these
c- UACGCA
If the DNA triplets were ATG-CGT, the tRNA anticodons would be

a- AUGCGU
b- ATGCGT
c- UACGCA
d- UAGCGU
e- none of these
a- AUGCGU
Which of the following has an anticodon to bind to the protein synthesizing machinery

a-DNA
b- mRNA
c- rRNA
d- tRNA
e- none of these
d- tRNA
Ribosomes function as

a- a single unit
b- two-part units
c- three-part units
d- four-part units
e- a multidivisional unit
b- two-part units
The first step in translation is called

a- elongation
b- initiation
c- replication
d- termination
e- translocation
b- initiation
Translation begins when the initiator tRNA binds to

a- the large ribosomal subunit
b- the small ribosomal subunit
c- the second tRNA
d- the terminator codon
e- none of these
b- the small ribosomal subunit
The first amino acid in most proteins is

a- alanine
b- isoleucine
c- leucine
d- methionine
e- phenylalanine
d- methionine
Termination of protein translation is due to

a- the lack of amino acids
b- wobble effects
c- the AUG codon
d- the lack of messenger RNA
e- a stop codon
e- a stop codon
A gene mutation

a- is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
b- may be caused by environmental agents
c- may arise spontaneously
d- can occur in all organisms
e- is all of these
e- is all of these
Enzymes used to cut DNA molecules in recombinant DNA research are

a-ligases
b- restriction enzymes
c- transcriptases
d- DNA polymerases
e- replicases
b- restriction enzymes
Which of the following enzymes join the paired sticky ends of DNA fragments

a-reverse transcriptase
b-restriction enzymes
c-DNA ligase
d- DNA polymerase
e- transferase
c-DNA ligase
Small circular molecules of DNA in bacteria are called

a-plasminds
b-desmids
c-pili
d- F particles
e- transferrins
a-plasminds
Because it has no introns, researchers prefer to use ___ when working with human genes

a- cDNA
b- cloned DNA
c- hybridized DNA
d- RFLPs
e- viral DNA
a- cDNA
RNA can manufacture DNA via the action of

a-DNA polymerase
b-RNA polymerase
c- reverse transcriptase
d- ligase
e- restriction endonuclease
c- reverse transcriptase
cDNA is copied from

a-DNA
b-mRNA
c-rRNA
d-tRNA
e-protien
b-mRNA
Probes for cloned genes use

a-complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with radioactive isotopes
b-certain media with specific antibodies
c- specific enzymes
d- certain bacteria sensitive to the genes
e- all of these
a-complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with radioactive isotopes
A collection of cells containing DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes and incorporated into plasmids is called

a-copied DNA
b- transcribed DNA
c- DNA amplification
d- a DNA library
e- plasmid DNA
d- a DNA library
For the polymerase chain reaction to occur,

a-isolated DNA molecules must be primes
b- all DNA fragments must be identical
c- the DNA must be separated into single strands
d- a sticky end must be available for the ligase enzyme to function
e- isolated DNA molecules must be primed, and the DNA must be separated into single strands
e- isolated DNA molecules must be primed, and the DNA must be separated into single strands
The enzyme used in the polymerase chain reaction is

a- a restriction enzyme
b-reverse transcriptase
c- DNA polymerase
d- RNA replicase
e- ligase
c- DNA polymerase
The polymerase used in PCR was isolated from

a-Escherichia coli
b- Haemophilus influenzae
c- Homo sapiens
d- Thermus aquaticus
e- Streptococcus pneumoniae
d- Thermus aquaticus
The laboratory technique used to separate the DNA fragments produced by automated DNA sequencing is

a- the polymerase chain reaction
b- gel electrophoresis
c- ultracentifugation
d- electron microscopy
e- fluorescene microscopy
b- gel electrophoresis
What is the purpose of the modified bases in the DNA sequencing

a-DNA replication terminated when a modified base is added
b- they are easily recognized by the computer
c-they are added to the DNA chain just like normal bases
d- all of these
e- none of these
d- all of these
E coli that contains the genes for human insulin is

a- genetically engineered
b- transgenic
c- a GMO
d- all of these
e- none of these
d- all of these
The Ti plasmid from which plant pathogen is used to transfer plant genes between species

a-Agrobacterium tumefaciens
b- Escherechia coli
c- Haemophilus influenzae
d- Salmonella typhimurim
e- Streptococcus faecalis
a-Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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