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BOTANY: PLANT TISSUES, ROOTS AND STEMS

Terms in this set (89)

All plant has the same _____ body plan

- generally underground
- anchors the plants

do not develop woody parts above the ground

herbaceous plants that grow, reproduce and die in 1 season

2 years to complete their life cycle

live for more than 2 years

one kind of cell

complex tissues

two or more cells

three tissue system

- extends throughout the plant body
- composed of: ground, vascular, dermal

ground tissue system

- three tissues
- ex: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells

parenchyma cells

- most common type of cell
- edible parts of a plant
- resin and tannins
- photosynthesis & storage of carbohydrates & secretion of substances

parenchyma cells may differentiate into ____________ cells.

collenchyma cells

- flexible tissue that provides support to nonwoody plants (allowing plants to grow upward)
- not found throughout the plant stems

sclerenchyma cells

- second simple tissue specialized for structural support

vascular tissue system

- two tissues
- ex: xylem, phloem

- for the conduction of water and minerals from the roots to the stems

parenchyma - storage, xylem fibers - support, tracheids - gynosperms, vessel element - angiosperms

four types of cells with xylem

- conducts food materials in the form of carbohydrates throughout the plant.

phloem cells can function without a ________.

companion cells or plasmodesmata

- loading food materials into the sieve tube element.

dermal tissue system

- two tissues
- ex: epidermis, periderm

present in woody plants

consist of a single layer of cells

prevent water loss

waterproof substance that heavily coats cell walls

- where plants grow
- composed of cells whose primary function is the formation of new cells

increase in cell number

cell elongation

cells elongate as the cytoplasm grows and the vacuole fills with water causing expansion

differentiation

specialize into various cell types

periderm is made of ________.

primary growth, secondary growth

two kinds of meristematic growth

increase in length of plants

apical meristem

(primary growth) area of cell division

- protects cells that cover the root tip
- covers meristem

zone of elongation

(primary growth) where cells no longer divide but instead are growing larger which pushes the root tip deeper into the soil

(primary growth) - epidermis

(primary growth) - xylem and phloem

ground meristem

(primary growth) - ground tissue

secondary growth

increase in the girth of plants

lateral meristem

(secondary growth) cell division occurs

vascular cambium

between wood and inner bark

found on the outer bark regions where meristematic cells divide

roots are underground structure which branches out into the soil from the plant's ___________.

consists of one main root with smaller lateral roots (eudicots and gynosperms)

has several to many roots of the same size (monocots)

adventitious roots

the stem where fibrous roots are from

anchorage, absorption, conduction, storage

4 functions of roots

lubricating polysaccharide

produced by root caps to reduce friction

unicellular extensions of epidermal cells

causes the high absorptive capacity of roots

makes up the bulk of the root; main function is storage

(inner layer of cortex) controls what enters the xylem

special bandlike region that contains suberin

has a single layer if pericycle & contains meristematic cells that gives rise to roots

symplast pathway

dissolved mineral ions and water enter the epidermis and travel through the cortex via the plasmodesmata

travel through cortex via porous cell walls

central tissue in most roots

result of the activity if two lateral meristems: the vascular cambrium and the cork cambrium have ________

aerial adventitious roots

arise from stem nodes

develop from branches of a vertical stem and grow downward to help upright position

aids in extensive distribution of shallow roots

ina swammpy environment, roots grow upwards to assist in getting O2

photosynthetic roots

can absorb moisture from the environment

contractile roots

underground stems for asexual reproduction

may reproduce asexually by producing suckers that are above ground

when roots from different plants fuse together and grow from secondary growth

mutually beneficial relationship between roots and soil fungi.

surrounds the roots

penetrates the roots

nitrogen fixing bacteria that form mutualistic associations with roots

Are the structures that links a plants roots to its leaves and are usually aerial and they exhibit various forms

dormant/ not opened and covered by a protective layer of bud scales which are modified leaves.

between leaves and stems or axils.

area on the stem where leaves are attached.

Region of the stem between two successive nodes

bud scale scars

determines the age of a plant. Buds fall of leaves this scars.

shows where a leaf one once attached on the stem. (within are bundle scars remnants of the vascular tissues)

- sites of loosely arranged cells that allows gas exchange to occur.

vascular bundles

are scattered throughout the monocot stems

surrounds vascular bundle that provides support.

the younger lighter colored wood closest to the bark where secondary phloem is located

older wood in the center typically brownish red.

(Woody eudicots)

lack fibers on cell walls and vessel elements on xylem making their woods soft. (Gymnosperms)

also known as growth increments

weak stemmed plants

produce special roots with adhesive pads that stick to the bark of host tree.

modified leaves or stems which wraps around for support

are vines that ascends spirally into their hosts.

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