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PUBH 2100

Terms in this set (50)

Tertiary prevention
attempting to reduce disability and restore functionality in people who already have a disease; occupational therapy for someone injured in a car accident to regain use of his/her hands
Secondary prevention
(sometimes called "screening") = detecting disease before it is symptomatic; breast cancer screening or diabetes screening
Primary prevention
inhibiting the development of disease before it occurs; condom use to prevent becoming infected with HIV/AIDS
affordable Care Act; Key Features
Individual mandate, required coverage of preventive and primary care, no denial for pre-existing services, dependent coverage until 26 yrs old.
social insurance
a system of compulsory contribution to provide government assistance in sickness, unemployment, etc.
universal insurance
Universal health care, usually refers to a health care system that provides health care and financial protection to all citizens of a particular country.
capitation
is receiving a monthly amount per patient enrolled instead of per service rendered with the idea that most patients won't need to be seen during the month, but a few will and those will require more services the cost of which is covered by the number of unseen patients.
network system
made up of a fully-integrated network of public hospitals, private hospitals, doctors and other medical service providers.provides universal cover,
health
a state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity,
public health
Concerned with the health of populations, Works to prevent injury, illness, & death at the population level,seeks to promote healthy practices & creating healthy environments
population health
all the ways that society as a whole or communities within society are affected by health issues & how they respond to these issues
Global health
idea that the disease crosses over the border, things like non- communicable diseases and lifestyle is all over
International Public health
the reaction/response to the disease is contain with the border. Just because one country does an intervention the other does not
HHS
composed of CDC and NIH
social determinants of health
root causes, what puts people at risk of rick factors
socio-economic status
education, income, and employment. racial and ethnic identity,cultural practices, environmental conditions, gender, and age
social gradient
the hierarchical differences in health outcomes among a population based on value that society places on certain characteristics, rather it be income, job, educational attainment, etc. This can be viewed as a ladder in that moving down the social ladder, more ill health and shorter life expectancy are experienced at each rung
vital records
Birth, death, marriage & divorce certificates
population pyramids
is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.
epidemiological transition
Disease burden shifts from infectious diseases to non-communicable & degenerative diseases. Historically, driven by social change & economic development
demographic transition
Population shifts as childhood deaths down & life spans up.Highly correlated with the epidemiological transition.
surveillance
systematic, continuous monitoring
Notifiable
Mandated by law
Begins at the local, state, & territorial levels
Health depts work with providers, labs, hospitals, etc
CDC compiles & aggregates
Mostly infectious diseases
Investigation of source; contract tracing (STDs)
voluntary
Not mandated
Beyond just infectious diseases
CDC again compiles & aggregates
quantitative( numeric)
Single case reports
Surveys
Sentinel monitoring
Observations
qualitative(text, image)
Interviews
Focus group discussions
Document review
Observations
Life Expectancy
A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)
Number of years of healthy life expected, on average, in a given population or region of the world
Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
a unit for measuring the amount of health lost because of a particular disease or injury
Epidemiology
Study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global)

The patterns of disease, injury, and illness and the risk factors of those patterns
measures of disease frequency
Counts
Proportions
Rates
Ratios
Prevalence
Incidence
counts
Number of cases of a disease or other health phenomenon
Limited usefulness without knowing size of the source population
Limited Interpretation
Proportions
Persons included in the numerator are always included in the denominator
The proportion of the population that is affected
P= A/(A+B)
Rates
# events in time period/# at risk for event in time period
ratios
compares disease risk among two groups
Prevalence
quantifies the number of existing cases of disease in the population at any given time
Incidence
quantifies the number of new cases of disease that develop in the population during a defined period
measurements of disease or health outcome
Mortality
Morbidity
Case Fatality Rate
Years of Potential life Lost
crude death rate
# deaths in time period/# at risk of dying in period
Infant Mortality Rate( IMR)
# deaths < 1 yr intime period/ # live births in time period
Case Fatality Rate
A measure of how severe the health issue is.
# deaths from a specific cause during a time period/# new cases of disease during the same time interval
social and behavioral sciences
Understanding the organization & motivation behind social forces, along with an understanding of the behavior of individuals
Socioecological approach
an evidence based approach to problem solving that considers a range of possible interventions, including health care, traditional public health and social intervention
Herd Immunity
The proportion of individuals in a population who are immune to a particular disease
health belief model
personal beliefs influence health behaviors and people are more likely to do something if they believe that they are suspect able to a condition, the condition has serious consequences, taking action would benefit them, benefit outweigh harm, exposed to factors , believe that can be successful in action
Theory of planned behavior
states that attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions and behaviors.
Trans-theoretical model
an integrative theory of therapy that assesses an individual's readiness to act on a new healthier behavior, and provides strategies, or processes of change to guide the individual.
diffusion of innovation
a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread.
Tools of environmental health
Risk Assessments
Public Health Assessments
Ecological Assessments
Interaction Analyses
Major environmental risk factors
Unclean water
Lack of sanitation
Household air pollution
Ambient air pollution
Lead exposure
Occupational hazards
Unintentional injuries
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