Linux 101 4, Linux 101 3, Linux 101 2, Linux 101

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The ls command without options or arguments...
...lists the contents of a user's home directory.
...prompts for a directory to list.
**...lists the contents of the current directory.
...generates an error as this command requires arguments.
Which option can be used with the rm command to prompt before deleting?
I
**-i
A
-P
The rm command can delete multiple files at once.
True or False?
**True
False
Which of the following commands can be used to rename a file?
rn
cp
name
**mv
The touch command can be used to:
(choose two)
Change a file's name
**Update the time stamp of existing files
Change ownership of a file
**Create new files
You try to compress a file that is already compressed. Which of the following statements is true?The file will be deleted The file changed while you were compressing it The compression algorithm needs to be set to the "currently compressed" mode for it to be compressed further The file will actually be uncompressed **The file will not be compressed any further than it already wasWhich of the following commands can be used to compress a file? (choose three)cat bunzip2 **zip **bzip **gzipThe three main modes of tar are: (choose three)**Create **Extract **List Compress CopyIn the command tar -czf foo.tar.gz bar, what is the purpose of the f flag?Tells tar to read from the file that follows the flag Tells tar to copy only files, and not directories Specifies extra compression is to be used **Tells tar to write to the file that follows the flag Tells tar to print the name of each file as it is processedWhich two commands do the same thing? (choose two)tar -xzf foo.tar.gz tar -x foo | gzip tar -tzf foo.tar.gz **tar -czf foo.tar.gz foo **tar -c foo | gzip > foo.tar.gzWhich option for the wc command will print the total number of words in a file?-l -L -C **-wWhich command can be used to print line numbers?**nl ln sort numThe command echo "text" > file.txt will create file.txt if it does not already exist. True or False?**True FalseThe command echo "text" > file.txt will not overwrite file.txt if it already exists. True or False?True **FalseThe command echo "text" >> file.txt will not overwrite file.txt if it already exists. True or False?**True FalseSoftware is backward compatible if:**It still supports old file formats or applications People still use old versions It works across Linux/Mac/Windows It can be upgraded without downtime If the next version still works the same wayApple's OS X is: (choose three)**Derived from FreeBSD Derived from Linux **Only compatible with Apple hardware **Certified as UNIX compatible Able to natively run Windows binariesMicrosoft Windows: (choose three)**Comes in desktop and server variants **Has built in virtualization Has a short maintenance cycle **Has powerful scripting capabilities Has a Linux compatibility modeOther commercial Unixes: (choose two)Are almost obsolete Use completely different commands than Linux Do not run the GNU tools **Are UNIX certified **Are tied to their vendor's hardwareWhen choosing a distribution of Linux, you should consider: (choose five)**Which management tools are provided by the distribution **Whether or not the distribution is under active development **If you need support on the distribution itself **The maintenance cycle of the distribution **Which distributions are supported by the software you need to run Popularity on social media.The difference between the GPL and LGPL licenses are:LGPL was made by the OSI while GPL was made by the FSF LGPL applies to web services LGPL is shorter than GPL **LGPL allows linking to non GPLed software LGPL allows you to distribute the software in binary-only formPermissive free software licenses: (choose three)**Don't have a copyleft provision Include the GPLv2 and BSD **Can allow software to be used inside closed source software Are not approved by the OSI **Are not approved by the FSFThe Creative Commons version of Public Domain licensing is:Attribution-NonCommercial **No Rights Reserved NoAttribution-ShareAlike Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike AttributionYour company makes a hardware firewall that runs a custom Linux kernel.What are your obligations under GPLv2? You must make your hardware designs available You must make the source to your custom web interface available **You must make the source to your kernel available You must ensure your custom kernel runs on a regular Intel machine There are no requirementsParticipating in open source projects can improve your technical skills, even if it is not your day job. True or False?**True FalseWhat are tradeoffs of increasing the level of privacy you have in your web browser? (choose two)Websites may load slower You may get viruses Images won't load properly **Sites may not work properly **You may have to explicitly permit some cookies to be savedWhich of the following is a tool that helps you anonymize your Internet browsing?iptables AnonFirefox Web proxy **The onion router CookieCleanerSocial network "like" buttons can track your activity across the Internet. True or False?**True FalseWhich of the following are properties of a strong password? (choose three)**At least 10 characters long Based on easy to remember items like birthdays Long so that it can be reused on multiple sites **A mix of upper and lower case **Includes symbolsWhat can be done to prevent remote people from running programs on your computer? (choose two)Block third party cookies Block all cookies **Use strong passwords on all user accounts **Turn on a firewall Don't use wireless networks - only wiredThe acronym CLI stands for:Computer Link Interpreter **Command Line Interface Computer Line Interface Command Line InterpreterTraditional UNIX command options used a single dash, like -a; _______ command options use two dashes like --all.shell LINUX **GNU KernelThe acronym GNU stands for:Gnu's Nearly Unix **Gnu's Not Unix Good News Unix Go Next Unit Q-What one character treats the character that follows it as if it was surrounded by single quotes?**\ / % #The main purpose of using glob characters is to be able to provide a command a list of filenames. True or False?**True FalseOne of the jobs of the kernel is to:Load the operating system after the computer is turned on **Manage the system's resources Turn source code into machine code Transfer mail from one machine to anotherUnix is: (choose two)A text editor A type of hardware **A trademark **An operating system A distribution of LinuxLinux is written in:Java .NET **C C++ PerlSource code refers to:**A human readable version of computer software The license that dictates how you may use and share the software The interface that software uses to talk to the kernel The version of a program that the computer runs on the CPUOpen source means: (choose two)You must share your changes You must support the software you share You cannot charge anything for the software **You can modify the software's source code **You can view the software's source codeMost of the tools that are part of Linux systems come from:Google Red Hat and Debian **The GNU project The Open Source Initiative The Linux foundationThe Linux platform that runs on mobile phones is called:Linux can't run on phones MicroLinux Teldroid LinuxMobile IOS **AndroidWhat does a distribution provide to add and remove software from the system?Application Programming Interface (API) Bash **Package manager Compiler Partitioning toolThe bootloader's job is to:Perform the initial installation of the kernel to hard drive Assign initial settings such as network address Install software from the Internet or removable media Load the application into memory **Load the kernel after the computer is powered onUnix was originally invented at:**AT&T Bell Labs Xerox PARC Stanford University Berkeley University Bangalore UniversityA license where you don't have access to the source code is called:**Closed source Impaired source Open source SourcelessWhich distributions are made by, or clones of, Red Hat? (choose two)**CentOS Ubuntu Debian **Fedora SlackwareUbuntu is derived from which distribution?Fedora Scientific Linux Slackware Red Hat Enterprise Linux **DebianOpen source licenses differ, but generally agree that: (choose two)**You should have access to the source code of software You are not allowed to sell the software You must redistribute your changes **You should be able modify the software as you wishApplications make requests to the kernel and receive resources, such as memory, CPU, and disk in return. True or False?**True False Shell script Disk controller KernelThe most important consideration when choosing an operating system is:The licensing model of the operating system **What the computer will do How much performance is needed Whether or not it is cloud-friendly The operating system's mascotLinux is not Unix because:**It hasn't undergone certification It's not made by the Open Group There are too many distributions It's not good enough It's freeA release cycle:Describes how long the software will be supported for **Describes how often updates to the software come out Is always 6 months Only applies to software you pay for Doesn't matter in an Open Source environmentA maintenance cycle:Only has meaning for paid software Should be short so you always have the freshest releases Should be long so that you have time before you need to upgrade **Describes how long a version of software will be supported Describes how often updates for software come outIf a software release is in a state in that it has many new features that have not been rigorously tested, it is typically referred to as beta software. True or False?True **False Is intended to solicit feedback Is production quality Has been fully testedSoftware is backward compatible if:**It still supports old file formats or applications It can be upgraded without downtime It works across Linux/Mac/Windows People still use old versions If the next version still works the same wayApple's OS X is:(choose three) **Certified as UNIX compatible **Derived from FreeBSD Able to natively run Windows binaries **Only compatible with Apple hardware Derived from LinuxMicrosoft Windows: (choose three)**Comes in desktop and server variants **Has powerful scripting capabilities Has a Linux compatibility mode Has a short maintenance cycle **Has built in virtualizationOther commercial Unixes: (choose two)Use completely different commands than Linux Do not run the GNU tools **Are tied to their vendor's hardware **Are UNIX certified Are almost obsoleteWhen choosing a distribution of Linux, you should consider: (Choose five) **Which distributions are supported by the software you need to run **The maintenance cycle of the distribution **Which management tools are provided by the distribution **Whether or not the distribution is under active development **If you need support on the distribution itself Popularity on social media.The Samba application is a:**File Server Security Server Web Server Mail ServerWhich of the following are examples of desktop software? (choose two)File share **Web browser Compiler **Music player Web serverIf you wanted to set up a blog, which software would be most helpful?Dovecot Postfix **WordPress Samba MySQLWhich of the following pieces of software deal with file sharing? (choose three)**Samba PostgreSQL **Netatalk X-Windows **NFSIf you wanted to create and print an invoice, which software could you use?**LibreOffice GNOME Compiz Evolution FirefoxPOP and IMAP are related to:Reading and writing music Letting users log in to multiple servers with 1 set of credentials Sharing files Serving web pages **EmailWhen a computer boots, it can get its network information through:X11 SMTP LDAP DNS **DHCPWhich of the following are examples of text editors?(choose four)**emacs **pico yum **vim **nanoA package manager: (choose two)**Keeps track of which files belong to which packages Emails you when software is out of date Can optionally repartition your disk to make room for Linux Performs a fresh install of Linux **Downloads software from the InternetAn interpreted programming language: (choose two)**Is converted into machine specific instructions as the program runs **Tends to offer more features than compiled languages Requires a linking step but no compilation step Requires a compilation step but no linking step Takes fewer resources to run than a compiled languageWhich of the following are true about compiled programming languages?**C is a compiled language Compiled languages are great for system administration tasks like scripting Ruby is a compiled language A programmer is usually more productive when using a compiled language Perl is a compiled languageWhich package manager is used in Fedora, a Red Hat derived system?tar **yum apt-get bash vimThe Linux shell: (choose three)**Allows you to launch programs Has a built in text editor **Is customizable **Has a scripting language Is responsible for tracking the location of configuration filesWhich application would you use to edit and piece together sound files to make podcast?Audiolicious Bash **Audacity GIMP ThunderbirdThe two main families of Linux shells are: (choose two)**C Shell Korn shell Python Shell emacs **Bourne ShellWhich server software would you use to create a company directory that you could search and authenticate against?ISC DHCP bind Netatalk Samba **OpenLDAPA Mail Transfer Agent's primary purpose is to:Serve email to end clients Filter out spam Act as a gateway between faxes and email Manage the end user's inbox **Deliver mail between serversWhich of the following are examples of a web server? (choose two)WordPress **Nginx postfix **Apache NFSIf you wanted to let a Linux machine share files with Windows clients and servers, you would use:NFS DNS **Samba Netatalk bindRichard Stallman is associated with:The Open Source Initiative The Apache foundation Microsoft **The Free Software Foundation BSD UnixA "copyleft provision" in a software license means:You must provide free copies of the software if you use it **You must distribute the source to any changes you make You may not link against third party closed source software You give up your copyright to the software You must provide support for your modificationsThe largest difference between the GPLv2 and BSD licenses is:GPLv2 is not approved by the OSI GPLv2 requires assigning copyright to the FSF Only BSD allows commercial use **BSD has no copyleft provision Nothing, they are virtually identicalThe Free Software Foundation believes that: (choose two)money should ever change hands Software should not have copyright People should write software with no expectation of making money **Software should be free to share **Software should be free to modifyWhich of the following licenses was made by the FSF?**GPLv3 Apache BSD MIT Creative CommonsA permissive free software license: (choose two)**Places no restrictions on sharing modifications **Means you can use the software for anything you want Places the software in the public domain Does not allow the software to be locked to certain hardware Requires you share software changes but not binariesLinux is distributed under which license?GPLv3 MIT **GPLv2 Linux Foundation BSDWho founded the Open Source Initiative? (choose two)**Bruce Perens **Eric Raymond Linus Torvalds Richard Stallman University of California at BerkeleyA generic term for Open Source and Free Software is:**FLOSS OS/FS GPL Libre Software SLOFFWhich are examples of permissive software licenses? (choose two)LGPLv3 **BSD GPLv2 **MIT GPLv3What is the meaning of a public domain license?You must redistribute changes to the software The work was done by a government agency The author has died **The author has relinquished the copyright on the work You may not use the work for commercial purposesCreative Commons licenses allow you to: (choose three)**Allow or disallow commercial use Get a veto on where the work is used **Specify whether or not people may distribute changes Receive royalties on the use of the work **Specify whether or not changes must be sharedIf a podcast is licensed under the CC BY-ND license, you may: (choose two)**Post it to your website **Share it as long as you give credit to the author Add ads to it and post it to your website. Use an interview or song from it for your own podcast Sell it as part of a compilationHow can you make money from open source software? (choose three)**Provide paid consulting services for users **Take payments for fixing bugs Unlock premium features for people that pay Charge a yearly fee for the right to use the software **Sell hardware that's built to work with the softwareTo place software under an open source license, you must give up your copyright. True or False?True **FalseThe difference between the GPL and LGPL licenses are:LGPL applies to web services LGPL allows you to distribute the software in binary-only form LGPL is shorter than GPL **LGPL allows linking to non GPLed software LGPL was made by the OSI while GPL was made by the FSFPermissive free software licenses: (choose three)**Are not approved by the FSF Are not approved by the OSI **Can allow software to be used inside closed source software **Don't have a copyleft provision Include the GPLv2 and BSDThe Creative Commons version of Public Domain licensing is:**No Rights Reserved Attribution Attribution-NonCommercial NoAttribution-ShareAlike Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlikeYour company makes a hardware firewall that runs a custom Linux kernel. What are your obligations under GPLv2**You must make the source to your kernel available There are no requirements You must ensure your custom kernel runs on a regular Intel machine You must make your hardware designs available You must make the source to your custom web interface availableParticipating in open source projects can improve your technical skills, even if it is not your day job. True or False?**True FalseWhich of the following is true about graphical mode? (choose three)You cannot use your mouse **After login, you are provided with a desktop **You access this mode by logging into a graphical display After login, you are provided with a command prompt **You have menus and tools to help you find what you are looking forWhich of the following is provided by a graphical interface that isn't normally provided to a non graphical interface? (choose four)**Windows **Menus Shell *Popups *DesktopA server is likely to be running in graphical mode. True or False?True *FalseIn graphical mode, you can get to a shell by running which applications? (choose two)*xterm xconsole *terminal guiterm gbashWhich of the following are traits of a multiuser operating system? (choose three)An administrative user gets a dedicated CPU **Resources are shared between users **Users can protect their information from other users **Many users can log in simultaneously with a unique account Each user can only log in once per dayVirtualization means:*A single host can be split up into multiple guests A machine can swap memory to disk Many users can share one hard drive Two users get different memory spaces on the same machine A user can connect to a server over the network and use a virtual consoleIn virtualization, what are the host and guest? (choose two)A host is a virtual machine *A guest is a virtual machine The terms can be used interchangeably *The host is the machine that runs the virtual machines The guest is the machine that runs the virtual machinesWhich of the following are traits of cloud computing? (choose two)You own the hardware but pay for it over time You don't have to worry about performance any more *You pay for what you use Only Linux works in cloud computing The resources are virtualizedIf you wanted to write a report that was to be printed, you would probably use:Chrome *LibreOffice Firefox A wiki Adobe FlashIf you want to store logins and passwords for different websites in a secure manner, you could use:*KeePassX A LibreOffice Document A text file in your home directory A sticky note on your monitor FirefoxYou can configure your computer to check for updates automatically. True or False?*True FalseTwo components that provide the ability to implement a firewall include: (choose two)ipfw *iptables *gufw Uncomplicated Firewall CerberusWhat are tradeoffs of increasing the level of privacy you have in your web browser? (choose two)*Sites may not work properly You may get viruses Images won't load properly Websites may load slower *You may have to explicitly permit some cookies to be savedWhich of the following is a tool that helps you anonymize your Internet browsing?*The onion router Web proxy CookieCleaner AnonFirefox iptablesSocial network "like" buttons can track your activity across the Internet. True or False?*True FalseWhich of the following are properties of a strong password? (choose three)**At least 10 characters long **Includes symbols Based on easy to remember items like birthdays Long so that it can be reused on multiple sites **A mix of upper and lower caseWhat can be done to prevent remote people from running programs on your computer? (choose two)**Turn on a firewall Don't use wireless networks - only wired Block all cookies **Use strong passwords on all user accountsThe "setuid" permission...**...allows a command to be run as the file owner.Which of the following commands will set the "sticky bit" on /shared ?**chmod 1777 /sharedThe "sticky bit" permission...**...prevents others from removing files they don't own from a common directory.The /var directory has files that change over time.**TrueThe /tmp directory is a temporary directory and will not exist on a system at all times.**FalseA pair of single quotes ( ' ) will prevent the shell from interpreting any metacharacter.**TrueSelect the command that can report the location of a command:**whichWhich environment variable contains a list of directories that is searched for commands to execute?**PATHSelect all the applications that provide access to the Command Line Interface (CLI)? (choose two)**Virtual Terminal **Terminal windowWhich of the following are traits of a multiuser operating system?**Many users can log in simultaneously with a unique account **Resources are shared between users **Users can protect their information from other usersIn graphical mode, you can get to a shell by running which applications? (choose two)**xterm **terminalA server is likely to be running in graphical mode.**FalseWhich of the following is provided by a graphical interface that isn't normally provided to a non graphical interface? (choose four)**Popups **Desktop **Menus **WindowsWhich of the following is true about graphical mode?**You have menus and tools to help you find what you are looking for **You access this mode by logging into a graphical display **After login, you are provided with a desktopIf you wanted to create and print an invoice, which software could you use?**LibreOfficeWhich of the following pieces of software deal with file sharing?**NFS X-Windows **Samba PostgreSQL NetatalkIf you wanted to set up a blog, which software would be most helpful?**WordPressWhich of the following are examples of desktop software? (choose two) Compiler Web server **Music player **Web browser File shareCompiler Web server **Music player **Web browser File shareThe Samba application is a:**File ServerThe chown command can be used to change the owner and group of a file.**TrueWhich of the following are methods for setting permissions using the chmod command? (choose two)**octal binary letter **symbolicOnly one set (user, group, other) of permission can be changed at once using the symbolic method. True or False?**FalseWhich of the following commands sets "other" permissions on file to r-x?**chmod 775 fileWhich of the following commands set "other" permissions on file to r-x?**chmod o=rx fileOn a system that does not use UPG, the useradd command will also create a user group. For example, user bob, group bob. True or False?FalseWhich of the following options for the useradd command allows root to specify supplementary groups the user will be a member of?**-GWhich of the following options for the useradd command allows root to specify the UID to be associated with the account?-uIf a user is deleted, the files and directories that the user owned...**...will show a UID as the owner, but not user name.UIDs 1-500 are usually reserved for what kind of users?System accounts, such as server processesWhich command will display the users that are currently logged in to the system? whoami**whoEach user belongs to at least one group. True or False? **True**TrueWhich command will display the UID, GID and groups your current user belongs to?**idWhich user can view the /etc/shadow file?**The root userWhich files contain user account information? (choose two)**/etc/passwd **/etc/shadowOnly servers have hostnames. True or False?FalseA network packet contains ... (choose two)**...the IP address of the destination machine. **...the IP address of the source machine.A service is... ...like an IP address. ...a file that contains configuration information. ...another name for a computer's hostname. ...a feature provided by one computer to another.**...a feature provided by one computer to another.Which of the following would be considered a host?**A printer attached to the network via an IP addressWhich of the following are package management commands for distributions with software distributed in files ending in .rpm? (choose three)**rpm apt-get **yum **yumexWhich of the following are package management commands for distributions with software distributed in files ending in .deb?(choose three) **aptitude **apt-get rpm **dpkgWhen you execute the dmesg command, the system displays messages that are generated by the kernel.TrueOne way to install new software on a Linux system is to use a package management system.True64 bit platforms can access more memory than 32 bit platforms. True or False? **TrueTrueWhich of the following are valid CPU types for Intel-based platforms? (choose two)**64 bit 48 bit 24 bit **32 bitWhat does this shell script do? FOO=/tmp/foo if [ ! -d $FOO ]; then mkdir $FOO fi**Creates /tmp/foo if it does not existMost of nano's commands take the form of: The F1 through F12 function keys Mouse clicks Alt and another character Control and another character Escape followed by another character**Control and another characterWhich are appropriate editors for writing shell scripts? (choose two)nano viA file begins with #!/bin/csh. This means:Running the script will invoke /bin/csh to interpret the rest of the fileThe echo command:**Is used to output text to the consoleChannel 2 is: STDIN STDOUT STDERR STDALL**STDERRA pipe allows you to... ...send the output of a command to a file. ...send the same input to multiple commands. ...send the output of one command to another. ...type multiple commands at one prompt.**...send the output of one command to another.Which of the following commands will direct error messages to the file, error.log? (choose two)**ls /root 2> error.log **ls /root &> error.logA successful command will print output to STDOUT. True or False?TrueError messages generated by commands are sent where by default?STDERRYou type gzip myfile.tar. What happens? (choose two)**myfile.tar is removed **myfile.tar.gz holds a compressed version of myfile.tarLossy compression: (choose three)**Is often used with images **Usually results better compression than lossless **Sacrifices some qualityIn general, for which of the following would you want to use lossless compression?A log fileCompression on a file works by:Removing redundant informationIs the following path absolute or relative? sysadmin/DocumentsRelativeIs the following path absolute or relative? /etc/pppAbsoluteThe top-level directory on a Linux system is represented as:/What option for the ls command will display all files, including hidden files?-aHidden files are files that begin with what character?A period (.)The directory where additional documentation for software packages most likely can be found is:**/usr/share/docThe whatis command is the same as man -w.FalseThe command man -k is the same as the command apropos.TrueWhat is the standard option to provide a command line program to view its documentation?--helpSource code refers to: The interface that software uses to talk to the kernel A human readable version of computer software The license that dictates how you may use and share the software The version of a program that the computer runs on the CPU**A human readable version of computer softwareLinux is written in: .NET C Perl C++ JavaCUnix is: (choose two) A trademark A type of hardware A text editor An operating system A distribution of Linux**A trademark **An operating systemOne of the jobs of the kernel is to: Manage the system's resources Load the operating system after the computer is turned on Turn source code into machine code Transfer mail from one machine to another**Manage the system's resourcesSelect all the applications that provide access to the Command Line Interface (CLI)? (choose two)==Terminal window opera firefox ==Virtual TerminalWhich environment variable contains a list of directories that is searched for commands to execute?==PATH PS2 PS1 EXECSelect the command that can report the location of a commandwhere type ==which whatA pair of single quotes ( ' ) will prevent the shell from interpreting any metacharacter. True or False?==True FalseA pair of double quotes ( " ) will prevent the shell from interpreting any metacharacter. True or False?True ==FalseUsing a pair of back quotes ( ` ) will cause a shell to execute the back-quoted text as a command and substitute the output back into the original command. True or False?==True FalseWhich of the following are glob characters? (choose three)==The question mark "?" Th==e asterisk "*" The dash character "-" ==The square brackets "[" and "]"The semicolon ";" can be used to separate multiple commands to be executed in order. True or False?False TrueThe double ampersand characters ( && ) are used to separate commands to be executed conditionally, where if the command to the left of the ampersands fails, then the command to the right of the ampersands will be executed. True or False?True ==FalseTo be able to output messages to the screen, use the _______ command:type print display ==echoThe _______ command will print a list of the commands that you've previously executed.eval list exec ==historyTo execute the same command as previously executed five commands ago, you would type:@-5 !5 ==!-5 &5The shell program interprets the commands you type into the terminal, into instructions that the Linux operating system can execute. True or False?==True FalseThe acronym CLI stands for:Command Line Interpreter Computer Line Interface Computer Link Interpreter ==Command Line InterfaceTraditional UNIX command options used a single dash, like -a; _______ command options use two dashes like --all.shell LINUX ==GNU KernelThe acronym GNU stands for:Gnu's Nearly Unix ==Gnu's Not Unix Good News Unix Go Next UnitWhat one character treats the character that follows it as if it was surrounded by single quotes?/ % **\ #The main purpose of using glob characters is to be able to provide a command a list of filenames.True or False? ==True FalseWhat is the standard option to provide a command line program to view its documentation?--doc --info **--help -hThe command man -k is the same as the command apropos. True or False?**True FalseThe whatis command is the same as man -w.True **FalseThe directory where additional documentation for software packages most likely can be found is:/var/share/doc /var/lib/doc **/usr/share/doc /usr/software/docWhich two pager commands are used by the man command to control movement within the document? (choose two)grep **more **less pageCommands typically executed by a user are covered in what section of the manual?3 5 2 **1To search the man page sections for the keyword example, which of the following command lines could you execute? (choose two)whatis example man -f example **apropos example **man -k exampleThe statement that describes the difference between a man page and an info page is:**The info page is like a guide; a man page is a more concise reference. The man page is like a guide; the info page is a more concise reference. There is very little difference between them. The man page is a long detailed reference; the info page is very terse.If you are reading the synopsis of a command from a man page, then items in square brackets are:Comments Required arguments **Optional Required optionsThe following sections commonly appear on a man page: (choose three)**SYNOPSIS **DESCRIPTION LICENSE **NAMESection 5 of the manual pages covers:User commands Games **File Formats System administration commandsTo start searching a man page, the first key you press is:f s ! **/In order to exit viewing a man page, press:Z **q y xWhich option for the man command should you use if you intend to send the output of the command to a printer?-T --text **-t -mWhat key should be used while working in the man command if you want to go to the end of the document?**G goto e gTo get help on using the info command, execute: (choose two)**info info **man info info -q help infoTo get help while using the info command press: (choose one)**h g a zTo exit the info page, press:**q X x zIn order to search an info page, the first key to press is: (choose one)f **s g tTo go to the end of an info page, press:N **END ] nTo go to the next match of a search on a man page, press:] N **n }When interpreting the SYNOPSIS of a command found on a man page, the "|" means:**The items it separates cannot be used together The items it separates can be used togetherAfter performing a search, you can use the ____ key to return to a previously found match:n D U **NTo move a page forward one at a time while viewing a man page, press the following:Enter **Spacebar m aHidden files are files that begin with what character?An asterisk (*) **A period (.) A plus (+) A dash (-)What option for the ls command will display all files, including hidden files?**-a -L -H -wThe top-level directory on a Linux system is represented as:C: **/ /home /rootIs the following path absolute or relative? /etc/ppp**Absolute RelativeIs the following path absolute or relative? sysadmin/DocumentsAbsolute **RelativeIs the following path absolute or relative? ../../home/sysadminAbsolute **RelativeThe tilde (~) is used to represent:The directory above the current working directory Any two single characters Nothing; it has no special meaning **A user's home directoryWhich of the following commands can be used to access the home directory of the user "bob" while logged in as root? (choose two)**cd /home/bob ~bob cd && **cd ~bobThe double dot (..) can be used with the cd command to represent:Nothing; it has no special meaning. A user's home directory. Any two single characters **The directory above the current working directoryThe cd command by itself will take you to what directory?**Your home directory None; it is not a valid command The system root directory The directory above the current working directoryWhat command will allow you to change your current working directory?list **cd chdir lsThe double dot (..) can be used to represent the directory...**...above the current directory. ...above the current directory only when using the cd command. ...below the current directory. ...with any two single numbers.The ls command without options or arguments......prompts for a directory to list. **...lists the contents of a user's home directory. ...lists the contents of the current directory. ...generates an error as this command requires arguments.The first character in a long listing (ls -l) indicates:The owner **If something is a file, directory, or symbolic link The size The permissionsWhich option for the ls command, when used in conjunction with the -l option, will display human-readable sizes?-S -H -M **-hWhich of the following commands will prevent any aliased options to the ls command?**\ls /ls %ls <lsThe ls command color codes results by default. True or False?True **FalseThe command ls -S will sort files:By number of symlinks, largest to smallest By modification date, newest to oldest By size, smallest to largest **By size, largest to smallestWhen using the cp command, you must provide both a source and a destination. True or False?**True FalseWhich option(s) can be used to prevent cp from overwriting an existing file? (choose two)**-n **-i -z -NThe command rm -r will...prompt for each confirmation before deleting each file in a directory. **Remove only empty directories. remove a directory along with any files or subdirectories. generate an error; -r isn't a valid option.Which option can be used with the rm command to prompt before deleting?A I **-i -PThe rm command can delete multiple files at once. True or False?**True FalseWhich of the following commands can be used to rename a file?name rn cp **mvThe touch command can be used to: (choose two)Change ownership of a file **Create new files Change a file's name **Update the time stamp of existing filesCompression on a file works by:Eliminating gaps within the file Removing the high order bit from each byte **Removing redundant information Storing most of the data on removable media and just leaving a pointer Consolidating multiple files into oneIn general, for which of the following would you want to use lossless compression?A JPEG image A movie An mp3 audio file An encrypted email **A log fileLossy compression: (choose three)**Is often used with images **Usually results better compression than lossless Decompresses to an identical version as the original Is often used with documents **Sacrifices some qualityYou type gzip myfile.tar. What happens? (choose two)An error; you forgot to pass the name of the output file myfile.tar is unarchived into the current directory An error; you forgot to specify the file with -f **myfile.tar.gz holds a compressed version of myfile.tar myfile.tar is removedHow would you obtain output similar to the following? compressed uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name 278168 1016950 72.6% tagsgunzip -t tags file tags gunzip -x tags **gzip -l tags gunzip -l tags.gzWhich command would you use to archive the Documents directory and compress it with bzip2 compression?tar -cjf Documents tar -czf documents.tbz Documents **tar -cjf documents.tbz Documents tar -fzc Documents documents.tbz tar -cf Documents documents.tbzWhich flag would you pass to tar in order to have it make a new archive?-j -n -t **-c -xWhich command will show what is inside the compressed tarball with a name of foo.tar.gz?**tar -tzf foo.tar.gz tar -lf foo.tar.gz tar -tjf foo.tar.gz tar -xf foo.tar.gz tar -tf foo.tar.gzIn the command tar -cvjf foo.tbz a b c, what are a, b, and c?a is the directory that will be prepended to files; b and c are files inside it Extra flags passed to tar **File names to be added to the archive Matching operators; anything starting with a, b, or c will be added Nothing; -cvjf only expects one parameterGiven the command tar -cvjf homedirs.tbz /home, which of the following are true? (choose two)**The command will print out each filename as it is processed Only files starting with /home will be extracted from the archive Files that are present in the archive might overwrite files in /home The /home directory will be restored with the contents of homedirs.tbz **The output file will be compressedYou archived your users' directories into a file called backup.tar.gz. You then view the archive and see the filenames follow this convention: home/username/somefile How will you extract just the files for the user called fred?tar -xjf backup.tar.gz home/fred/ tar -xzf backup.tar.gz fred tar -tzf /home/fred < backup.tar.gz tar -tjf backup.tar.gz /home/fred **tar -xzf backup.tar.gz home/fred/Which of the following commands will create a zipfile with the contents of your Documents directory?zip -c mydocs.zip Documents **zip -r mydocs.zip Documents zip mydocs.zip Documents zip -cf mydocs.zip Documents zip -f mydocs.zip DocumentsGiven a file called documents.zip, how can you see what's in it without extracting the files?**unzip -l documents.zip zip -lf documents.zip showzip documents.zip unzip --list documents.zip zip -l documents.zipGiven a file called documents.zip, how can you extract just the files under ProjectX?unzip documents.zip ProjectX unzip -t documents.zip ProjectX zip -x documents.zip ProjectX unzip documents.zip | grep ProjectX **unzip documents.zip ProjectX/*You try to compress a file that is already compressed. Which of the following statements is true?The file changed while you were compressing it The file will be deleted The file will actually be uncompressed **The file will not be compressed any further than it already was The compression algorithm needs to be set to the "currently compressed" mode for it to be compressed furtherWhich of the following commands can be used to compress a file? (choose three)**zip bunzip2 cat **bzip **gzipThe three main modes of tar are: (choose three)Copy **List Compress **Extract **CreateIn the command tar -czf foo.tar.gz bar, what is the purpose of the f flag?Tells tar to read from the file that follows the flag Specifies extra compression is to be used Tells tar to copy only files, and not directories **Tells tar to write to the file that follows the flag Tells tar to print the name of each file as it is processedWhich two commands do the same thing? (choose two)tar -xzf foo.tar.gz **tar -czf foo.tar.gz foo tar -tzf foo.tar.gz **tar -c foo | gzipfoo.tar.gz tar -x foo | gzipThe _____ command is normally executed daily to update the database of all files that are on the system.search **updatedb locate findError messages generated by commands are sent where by default?**STDERR STDOUT STDIN Log filesA successful command will print output to STDOUT. True or False?**True FalseWhich of the following commands will direct error messages to the file, error.log? (choose two)**ls /root 2> error.log **ls /root &> error.log ls /root > error.log ls /root $> error.logA pipe allows you to......type multiple commands at one prompt. **...send the output of one command to another. ...send the same input to multiple commands. ...send the output of a command to a file.Channel 2 is:STDOUT STDIN **STDERR STDALLWhich of the following commands will append its output to output.file?echo Testing -> output.file echo Testing > output.file **echo Testing >> output.file output.file < echo TestingWhich option of the head command will display only the first five lines of a file?-l 5 No option needed; head displays only five lines by default. -n **-n 5The grep command...**...will display all the lines in a file containing the specified Regular Expression. ...will display the line numbers in a file that contain a specified Regular Expression. ...is not case sensitive. ...will display all the lines that begin with the specified Regular Expression.The grep command can be used with glob characters. True or False?**True FalseWhich of the following commands will display only lines that begin with start?grep $start file.txt **grep ^start file.txt grep *start file.txt grep \start file.txtWhich of the following commands will display only lines that begin with test?grep *test file.txt **grep ^test file.txt grep $test* file.txt grep &test file.txtWhich of the following commands will display lines that contain either start or end?egrep start&end file.txt egrep (start|end) file.txt **egrep 'start|end' file.txt egrep start end file.txtWhich of the following commands can be used to scroll through a text file? (choose two)**more some **less catThe find command can search for files based on the size of the file. True or False?**True FalseWhich of the following commands scans the file to determine file locations?locate where **find searchWhich option for the cut command is used to specify a delimiter?-D **-d -f =Which option for the cut command is used to specify the field?# -D -d **-fWhich option for the wc command will print the number of lines in a file?-C **-l -w -LWhich option for the wc command will print the total number of words in a file?-L -l **-w -CWhich command can be used to print line numbers?num **nl ln sortThe command echo "text" > file.txt will create file.txt if it does not already exist. True or False?**True FalseThe echo command:Duplicates the input stream to the output stream Is used for variable assignment Tests a variable for duplication Copies variables from one to another **Is used to output text to the consoleA file begins with #!/bin/csh. This means:The operator should not be using /bin/csh This is a Perl script C Shell compatibility mode is enabled **Running the script will invoke /bin/csh to interpret the rest of the file Nothing, this is a commentWhich are appropriate editors for writing shell scripts? (choose two)Firefox **nano **vi /bin/bash LibreOffice WriterMost of nano's commands take the form of:Alt and another character Mouse clicks Escape followed by another character The F1 through F12 function keys **Control and another characterWhat does this shell script do? FOO=/tmp/foo if [ ! -d $FOO ]; then mkdir $FOO fiNothing, since there is a problem with the conditions in the if statement **Creates /tmp/foo if it does not exist Outputs a message to the screen Makes the /tmp/foo directory if a file by that name exists Creates /tmp/foo and raises an error if there is a problemWhich of the following are correct about for and while loops? (choose two)for loops have a test each cycle to determine if it should run again **for loops operate over a fixed list of items **while loops have a test each cycle to determine if it should run again for loops require a variable over which to iterate while loops operate over a fix list of itemsGiven the following part of a script: if [ -f $1 ]; then echo "I am here" fi What is the meaning of $1?It is a list of files that gets interpolated It is a file called $1 **It is the first argument passed to the script It is a parameter to -f, indicating the size of the file It is a special variable that indicates the exit code of the command before itGiven the following script that is run through ./test.sh hello goodbye: if [ -f $2 ]; then echo "I am here" fi When will "I am here" be printed?**If a file called "goodbye" exists in the current directory If there are two files in the current directory The script will always print "I am here" Never If a file called "hello" exists in the current directoryWhat is the correct way to assign the word "Hello" to a variable?$A="Hello" echo "Hello" A echo $A "Hello" **A="Hello" A = "Hello"What is the correct way to save the current directory to a variable?pwd $A A=cwd pwd | $A **A=`pwd` A=pwdWhich shell command accepts input from the user's keyboard?input $1 gets **read echoWhat information is held inside $? ?The current user ID **The previous command's exit code The current process id The number of arguments passed to the script The name of the command runHow would you finish your script with an exit code of 42?break 42 CODE=42 return 42 $?=42 **exit 42The if command looks for what exit code to consider a condition to be true?8 **0 1 10 255The number of users logged in is in a variable called USERS. How would you test to see if 5 users are logged in?test $USERS,5 test $USERS = 5 test -f USERS=5 **test $USERS -eq 5 test $USERS -a 5while [ ! -f /tmp/foo ]; do echo -n "." process_data > /tmp/foo done Which of the following are true? (choose two)The screen will fill with dots. **process_data will be called at most once /tmp/foo will be removed if it exists process_data will never be run **If a file called /tmp/foo exists, process_data won't be runA conditional that lets you make multiple comparisons with a pattern is called:fanout test branch **case ifWhat is the meaning of $(( $i + 1)) ?If i is 0, the loop will stop This will return the value of the next argument to the script **1 will be added to the i variable This runs the command stored in variable i This will return the value of the first argument to the scriptHow would you write a test that says "if /tmp/foo is a directory or USERS is greater than 5"?**test -d /tmp/foo -o $USERS -gt 5 test /tmp/foo -d -o $USERS -gt 5 test -f /tmp/foo -o $USERS -ge 5 test -d /tmp/foo | $USERSWhat does the acronym RPM mean?Return Package Management Relocate Package Manager **RPM Package Management Recursive Package ManagerOne way to install new software on a Linux system is to use a package management system. True or False?**True FalseWhen you execute the dmesg command, the system displays messages that are generated by the kernel. True or False?**True FalseWhich of the following are package management commands for distributions with software distributed in files ending in .deb? (choose three)rpm **apt-get **aptitude **dpkgWhich of the following are package management commands for distributions with software distributed in files ending in .rpm? (choose three)**yumex apt-get **rpm **yumThe Linux kernel mounts the following pseudo-filesystems to provide access to information about hardware devices connected to the system: (choose two)/info /devices **/sys **/procThe /proc directory contains a subdirectory for each process present on the system. True or False?**True FalseThe Process ID (PID) of the init process is**1 varies 0 100The process (ps) command shows only processes running in the current shell by default. True or False?**True FalseThe following system load averages are displayed by the top command: (choose three)**1 minute **5 minute 10 minute **15 minuteThe free command outputs statistics about:CPU usage **Memory usage Software usage Disk usageWhat directory typically contains log files?/usr/log /proc/log /log **/var/logWhich log file contains messages regarding authentication and authorization?messages **secure dmesg syslogAll log files contain only text data. True or False?True **FalseA load average of 1.0 always means the system is fully loaded. True or False?True **FalseA command that will continuously update statistics about running processes:head tail **top bottomThe following are valid Linux option styles: (choose three)DOS slash (/) **Traditional Unix with a single dash (-) **GNU long options with two dashes (--) **BSD Unix without a dashWhich file contains the information passed to the kernel at boot time?/proc/kargs /proc/kernel /proc/kopts **/proc/cmdlineTo make changes permanent for kernel parameter files found under /proc/sys, the following file can have entries added to it:**/etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysinfo.conf /etc/procsys.conf /etc/procctl.confTo get a list of all packages installed on a system using RPM Package Management you can execute:rpm -qf **rpm -qa rpm -ql rpm -qiWhich of the following would be considered a host?**A printer attached to the network via an IP address A network cable A CDROM The computer's hard driveA service is......a file that contains configuration information. **...a feature provided by one computer to another. ...like an IP address. ...another name for a computer's hostname.A network packet contains ... (choose two)...the name of the router. **...the IP address of the destination machine. ...a hard drive partition. **...the IP address of the source machine.Only servers have hostnames. True or False?True **FalseWhich of the following protocols defines how network communication functions?DNS SSH **TCP/IP DHCPWhich of the following are valid IPv4 addresses? (choose two)192.105.10.10.2 **10.33.55.77 **192.105.10.10 192.301.25.25The name of the primary wired network devices is ether0. True or False?True **FalseWhich of the following commands will display your machine's IP address?ipconfig **ifconfig dig routeWhich of the following commands will display the routing table? (choose two)ifconfig dig **route **netstat -rWhich of the following commands will allow you to log into a remote machine?**ssh route dig netstatWhat option to the netstat command has information shown as numbers rather than names?-r **-n --name -tWhich of the following commands will allow you to log into the machine server1 with the account name nick?ssh nick-server1 ssh nick- server1 ssh nick&server1 **ssh nick@server1The RSA key fingerprint allows the dig command to connect to remote systems. True or False?True **FalseWhich files contain user account information? (choose two)/etc/group **/etc/shadow /etc/password **/etc/passwdWhich user can view the /etc/shadow file?**The root user Any member of the password group All users No usersWhich command will display the UID, GID and groups your current user belongs to?who **id about whoamiEach user belongs to at least one group. True or False?**True FalseWhich command will display the users that are currently logged in to the system?id whoami about **whoThe sudo command allows regular users to......run any commands as a system account without logging in. ...run any command as root, after providing the sudo password. **...run certain commands as the root user. ...run any command as root, after providing the root password.The /etc/sudoers file should be edited directly by root using the visudo command. True or False?**True FalseWhich of the following commands will allow you to switch to the user, branch? (choose three)sudo branch **su - branch **su -l branch **su branchThe visudo command uses which text editor by default?nano **vi gedit picoWhich of the following commands will display the group(s) a user belongs to?all group whoami **idWhich of the following commands will display the groups that the user bob belongs to? (choose one)groups -a all bob group bob **id bobThe /etc/group file follows what structure?user:group group:GID:user_list group:<user_list **group_name:password_placeholder:GID:user_listA GID is associated with a group name. True or False?**True FalseA user can belong to...**At least 16 groups Only five groups Only one group Only groups with a GID over 500Sudo privileges can be used to specify which user can use the sudo command to execute commands as other users. True or False?**True FalseIn distributions that do not allow the root user to login directly or via the su command, the installation process automatically configures one user account to be able to use the sudo command to execute commands as if they were executed by the root user. True or False?**True FalseWhich of the following commands will display how long the system has been running since the last boot? (choose two)id who **uptime **wThe /etc/shadow file contains plain-text passwords. True or False?True **FalseWhich command can be used to view the /etc/passwd file entries?getpasswd uptime **getent UppasswdUIDs 1-500 are usually reserved for what kind of users?Log-in (human) users Remote log-in accounts **System accounts, such as server processes Are not used for user accounts, but for group accountsIf a user is deleted, the files and directories that the user owned......are deleted as well. ...will have no UID owner. ...will have no user owner. **...will show a UID as the owner, but not user name.Which of the following options for the useradd command allows root to specify the UID to be associated with the account?-G -U **-u -gWhich of the following options for the useradd command allows root to specify supplementary groups the user will be a member of?-u -g **-G UOn a system that does not use UPG, the useradd command will also create a user group. For example, user bob, group bob. True or False?True **FalseThe useradd command will create a home directory by default for a user. True or False?**True FalseThe usermod command can be used to do all of the following except......change the user's UID and GID. ...change the user's home directory. **...change the user's MAX and MIN password settings. ...add a user to a supplementary group.Which of the following commands will add the group extra to the user bob's secondary groups in addition to bob's current secondary groups?usermod -G extra bob usermod -a extra bob **usermod -aG extra bob usermod -ag bob extraWhich option for the usermod command can be used to specify a user's group ID (either primary or secondary)? (choose two)-s **-g **-G -SFor non-root users, the passwd command can only be used to change the password of the user running the command. True or False?**True FalseThe userdel command will......will prompt before deleting each file owned by a user. ...automatically delete a user and the user's home directory and its contents. ...automatically delete a user and all the files owned by that user. **...delete the user account, but leave the user's files by default.The groupmod command can be used to change a group name. True or False?**True FalseThe groupmod command can be used to change a group GID. True or False?**True FalseThe groupmod command can be used to add users to a group. True or False?True **FalseWhich of the following commands can be used to modify a group?groupadd addgroup **groupmod modgroupWhich command can be used to determine a user's most recent log in?login shell history **lastWhich of the following files contains encrypted user password information?/etc/passwd /etc/group **/etc/shadow /etc/usrWhich of the following files contains user IDs?/etc/shadow **/etc/passwd /etc/usr /etc/groupWhich of the following files does the groupadd command use to determine the new GUI when a GUI isn't specified?**/etc/group /etc/shadow /etc/passwd /etc/usrWhich of the following commands, run as root, will prevent the user bob from logging in?usermod -D bob usermod -l bob **usermod -L bob usermod -d bobWhat directory contains user's home directories?/ **/home /rootfs /userWhich of the following commands set "other" permissions on file to r-x?chmod o+rx file chmod o=r+x file **chmod o=rx file chmod o-r-w fileWhich of the following commands sets "other" permissions on file to r-x?chmod 774 file **chmod 775 file chmod 776 file chmod 777 fileOnly one set (user, group, other) of permission can be changed at once using the symbolic method. True or False?True **FalseWhich of the following are methods for setting permissions using the chmod command? (choose two)binary **symbolic letter **octalThe chown command can be used to change the owner and group of a file. True or False?**True FalseThe chgrp command can be used to change the owner and group of a file. True or False?True **FalseThe user sysadmin will be able to read the file because they own it. ----r--r-- 1 sysadmin group 38270 Sep 2 18:49 file True or False?True **FalseThe user sysadmin will be able to change the permissions of the file because they own it. ----r--r-- 1 sysadmin group 38270 Sep 2 18:49 file True or False?**True FalseOctal notation uses the following values for the permissions granted:r = 7, w = 5, x = 0 **r = 4, w = 2, x = 1 r = 3, w = 2, x = 1 r = 4, w = 2, x = 0Which of the following permissions would allow all users to add, view, and delete files in a directory?666 775 **777 750A user cannot delete a file if they do not own it. True or False?True **FalseThe "execute" permission on a directory allows you to: (choose three)**Along with write permission to successfully create new files Along with write permission to successfully delete the directory **Along with read permission to successfully perform ls -l **Change to that directory or use it as part of a pathThe "execute" permission on a file allows you to:Move the file to a new directory This permission isn't meaningful for text files. Delete the file **Run the file as a scriptThe chgrp command can be used on a file by:Only root Only the file owner **The file owner and root A user that belongs to the files current groupThe chown command can be used to change the user owner on a file by:**Only root A user that belongs to the files current group The file owner The file owner and rootThe chmod command can be used on a file by:Only root **The file owner and root The file owner A user that belongs to the files current groupWhich option for the chown command can be used to change the owner of a directory and all the files and directories below it?**-R -f -a -rThe chown command will only accept one file at a time as an argument. True or False?True **FalseThe "execute" permission is never set on files by default. True or False?**True FalseThe user owner of a file will always have the same or higher permissions as "other". True or False?True **FalseThe /tmp directory is a temporary directory and will not exist on a system at all times. True or False?True **FalseThe /var directory has files that change over time. True or False?True **FalseThe "sticky bit" permission......sets the group ownership of any new file created in a directory. ...prevents others from overwriting files they don't own in common directories. ...changes the group ownership of existing files in a directory. **...prevents others from removing files they don't own from a common directory.Which of the following commands will set the "sticky bit" on /shared ?chmod 4777 /shared **chmod 1777 /shared chmod 2777 /shared None of the aboveThe "setuid" permission......allows files in a directory to be manipulated as by the directory owner. ...reports the output of a script to the owner. ...prevents the owner of a file from being changed. **...allows a command to be run as the file owner.Which of the following commands will set setuid for /usr/bin/program?chmod 2755 /usr/bin/program None of the above **chmod 4755 /usr/bin/program chmod 1755 /usr/bin/programThe setgid permission... (choose two)**...allows files created in a directory to be owned by the group that owns the directory. **...allows a command to be run as the group owner of the file. ...can only be set on files. ...prevents the group owner of a file from being changed.Which of the following commands will set setgid on /shared ?None of the above chmod 1777 /shared **chmod 2777 /shared chmod 4777 /sharedSetting setgid on a directory...**...will set the group owner of all files created in the directory to the group owner of the directory. ...will allow scripts in the directory to be executed as the group owner of the directory. ...does nothing. ...is not allowed by the system.Deleting a source file will break an associated hard link. True or False?True **FalseA source and a hard link must be part of the same filesystem. True or False?**True FalseDeleting a source file will break an associated symbolic link. True or False?**True FalseA source file and a symbolic link must be part of the same file system. True or False?True **FalseWhich of the following commands would create a hard link, link to file?ln -s link file **ln file link ln -s file link ln link fileWhich of the following commands would create a symbolic link, link to file?ln link file **ln -s file link ln file link ln -s link file =