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Ch. 3Anatomy of Cells

Terms in this set (32)

Cells
Contain
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm w/ organelles
3. Nucleus
Light microscope
Focused and enlarged by a series of {LENSE} Specimens are usually {STAINED} for easier viewing.
Electron Microscope
Uses a beam of {ELECTRONS} The beam is focused by {MAGNETS}
Transmission Electron Microscope
Beam of electrons is transmitted {THROUGH} the specimen.
Scanning Electron Miscroscope
Beam of electrons scans the {SURFACE} of the specimen.
Cell Membrane
Made of double layers of phospholipids with {PROTEINS} stuck in it; self-orienting; repairs quickly
Cholesterol
Stabilizes tails and keeps {THE MEMBRANE FLUID}
Proteins
Function as:
1. Channels, gates, or {PUMPS}
2. recognition of {SELF}; "markers"; (glycoproteins)
3. {RECEPTORS} for hormones or other chemicals
Carbohydrates
May be attached to marker or {SUGAR COATED} proteins
Internal substance of the cell
{CYTOPLASM}
Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of membranous walled canals used to {TRANSPORT} & make substances
Rough ER
Lined with ribosomes. Make {PROTEINS} and transport them
Smooth ER
No ribosomes. {LIPIDS} & membrane synthesis.
Ribosomes
Composed of RNA & protein; used for {PROTEIN} synthesis. Some {FLOAT FREELY} & make proteins for cell's own use. Some bound to ER & make proteins the {LEAVE} the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
Membranous organelle consisting of {FLATTENED} sacs (cisternae) stacked on one another. Used for processing and {PACKAGING} protein for export. Produce lysosomes.
Lysosomes
Sacs of digestive {ENZYMES}
1. digestion of ingested {PARTICLES}
2. digestion of {WORN-OUT} organelles and tissue
3. breakdown of glycogen (in some tissues)
4. {SELF DESTRUCTION} - programmed death - {APOPTOSIS}
Peroxidases
{DETOXIFY} alcohol & formaldehyde; disarm free radicals (reactive substances w/ unpaired electrons that can
{DAMAGE} proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids)
Catalase
{REDUCES} hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
Mitochondria
{POWER PLANT} of the cell that produces ATP by breakdown of glucose (cellular respiration); contains own DNA and RNA & can reproduce by fission
Cristae
Folds of inner membrane that contains the {ENZYMES} for cellular respiration
Nucleus
Largest cell structure; stains purple; called {CONTROL CENTER} of cell
1. controls metabolic activities
2. controls cell {DIVISOR}
3. contains {GENETIC} material
Nucleus Membrane/Envelope
Has large {PORES} to let things in and out
Nucleolus
Produce the subunits or ribosomes that are {ASSEMBLED} in cytoplasm
Chromatin
{THREAD LIKE} strand of genetic material (
DNA & protein); become chromosomes during cell division; blueprints - information on how to make {PROTEIN}
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures; used as internal {SCAFFOLDING} and for cell movements.
Cytoskeleton - Fibers
(from thinnest to thickest)
+Microfilaments- twisted strands of protein {ACTIN}; involved in {MOVEMENT} & cell shape
+Intermediate Filaments- thicker, twisted protein strands; stable with high {TENSIL} strength; supporting framework; like guy wires to resist {MECHANICAL} stress
+Microtubules- hollow tubes of globular protein called {TUBULAL} that is arranged in a spiral; move things around in the cell or even move the whole cell; can assemble & {DISASSEMBLE} & organize cell structure
Cytoskeleton - Centrosomes
coordinates building and breaking of {MICROTUBULES}; made of 2 centrioles which are in turn made of microtubules; used during cell division
Cytoskeleton - Cell Extensions
+Microvilli- tiny fingerlike projections on the surface of cell used for {ABSORPTION}
+Cilia- formed by microtubules; short, hairlike structures that {MOVE} fluid & mucus NEVER on the same cell as Flagella
+Flagella- single, long tail-like structure formed by microtubules (sperm tail); used for {MOVEMENT} NEVER on the same cell as Cilia
Cell Connections
Cells must be held in place & may be attached directly to extracellular material or to other cells. When attached to {EXTRACELLULAR} material they are often held by a protein called integrins.
Cell Connections - Desmosomes
Small "spot welds" that hold cells together; {KERATIN} protein filaments within the cell & fine gylcoprotein on outside entwine like Velcro; prevent {SEPARATION} of layers; Ex. skin
Cell Connections - Gap Junctions
Formed when membrane {CHANNELS} adhere to each other; chemicals can flow through & also electrical impulses; Ex. heart
Cell Connections - Tight Junctions
Adjacent membrane {PROTEINS} fuse & prevent passage between; (6 pack plastic) Ex. intestines
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