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APES Chapter 8-9 Multiple Choice

Terms in this set (35)

the elements of earth are separated such that the
most dense elements are in the center, called the core
the earth is about _______ billion years old
4.6
the lithosphere includes
all of the crust
magma circulates i convection cells i the
asthenosphere
Alfred Wegener's evidence for claiming that hte continenets have not always been positioned where they are today is found in
rock formations in sequences that match on opposite sides of the atlantic
a geologist finds a substance with uniform cyrstalline structure and composition throughout. in the lab it is determined that the substance consists of more thanone element. the term which properly identifies the substance is
mineral
granitic rock is the dominant rock type in
continental crust
fossils formed from plant or animal remains, are found in
sedimentary rock
metamorphic rocks
have been subjected to high heat and pressure and include marble and slate
plant roots cause
both physical and chemical weathering
the physical size of sediment particles from smallest to largest are
sand, silt, clay
the porosity of soil is a measure of
how quickly it drains
the soil that is best for growing most plants is composed of
a mix of sand, silt, and clay that promotes water drainage and retention
the infiltration of pollutants into groundwater
is common in areas w/ sandy soils because water flows through them easily
a good liner for a landfill is made of
clay
base saturation of the soil is a measure of the
proportion of soil bases to acids
soil degradation is caused by
compaction by the use of heavy machinery
the crustal abundance of 4 elements makes up greater than 88% of the earth's crust. these elements are
O, Si, Al, Fe
strip mining
is a form of surface mining in which strips of soil and rock are removed to expose ore
environmental problems associated with mining involve
use of mercury, damage to streams, soil erosion, habitat fragmentation and destruction
migratory behavior of salmon in the Pacific NW was assisted by
fish ladders
freshwater accounts for what percent of the total water in the world
3%
in an aquifer
groundwater is found in spaces between sediments and rock layers
the water table is
the uppermost level at which water fully saturates rock or soil
places where water from aquifers naturally percolates up to the ground surface are known as
springs
in an artesian well
water under pressure can rise to the surface without pumping
use of water from the Ogallala quifer in the great plains region of the US is not sustanable bc
it is recharged at a rate that is slower than it is used, and there is an intense competition for water for household, industrial and agricultural use
a cone of depression may develop
in areas adjacent to a deep well from which a great deal of water is rapidly pumped
saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers may be a problem in
coastal areas
oligotrophic lakes
have low productivity due to low amounts of nutrients
what do levees do?
prevent flooding, cause flooding downstream, prevent deposition of sediment on floodplains
dikes in the netherlands
use pumps to remove seawater, are necessary bc 1/4 land is below sea level,, and are originally used pumps powered by windmills
hydroelectric dams represent what percent of all dams in the US
3%
the purpose of aqueducts are to
move water from one place to another
middle east and north african countries have what percent of the world population and what percent of the worlds drinking water
5% and 1%
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