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bio 201 quiz 4

Terms in this set (92)

what is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
hypothesis- a tentative explanation of some phenomenon
theory- idea that is supported by many experiments
phylogeny
The history of the evolution of a species or group
macroevolutionary pattern
All the changes, diversifications, and extinctions that happened over the coarse of a group of organisms' (above the species level) lives
evolution is a theory because....
it is supported by an overwhelming body of evidence
what evidence supports the theory of evolution?
1) fossil evidence (different fossil structures resemble each other and can be organized based on morphological features)
2) homology (similar structures or traits indicate that organisms are closely related or have evolved from each other)
3) molecular data (DNA sequence patterns show evolutionary relationships)
convergent evolution
independent evolution of similar structures
what is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?
homologous- traits that evolved because of common ancestry. ex: fish, reptiles, birds, and humans all have similar embryos
analogous- traits that evolved separately and not due to a recent common ancestor. ex: birds and bats have wings
homologous traits of all living organisms
-plasma membrane
-genetic material
-reproduction
-store energy
-cell structure
-lipid bilayer
-enzymes/ proteins
-homologous genes that encode homologous proteins
(all of these characters where found in LUCA)
key innovations
traits that help organisms survive in different environments. ex: mitochondria and chloroplasts because they play key roles in harvesting energy
what is the alternative explanation for evolution?
-Intelligent Design and Irreproducible complexity
-Complex structures like eyes have evolved separately in multiple lineages
4 ways that fossils help us
-they are our only connection to extinct species
-they help us understand transitions
-they help us place evolutionary events in order
-they help us understand diversity through time
what is the difference between a cladogram and a phylogram?
-cladogram: a tree diagram that shows a pattern of relationships. branch lengths are meaningless.
-phylogram: a tree diagram that shows a pattern of relationships. the length of branches represent amount of change since recent common ancestor NOT the amount of time
true phylogeny
the actual way that organisms evolved which we cannot know for sure
two approaches to reconstructing evolutionary past?
1) comparative biology
2) fossils
living fossils
surviving representatives of a group of organisms that originated a long time ago but persisted with minimal changes
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