Anatomy & Physiology Unit 3 Exam 3 Study

nerve impulse travels fastest along ______ axons of _____ diameter.
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nerve impulse travels fastest along ______ axons of _____ diameter.
myelinated, large
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called _____.
gyri
Consciousness is created in the:
cerebral cortex
A memory that has lasted over a weekend is described as a:
long term memory
What is the correct order for the for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?
Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal
Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the:
peripheral nervous system
A hyperpolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes _____ the resting membrane potential.
more negative than
Commissural fibers in the brain mainly connect different regions within the same hemisphere. T/F
False
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
arachnoid and pia
Ependymal cells
Are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS.
The type of transport protein that moves a substance against its concentration gradient is a:pumpThere are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they?Chemical and electricalCerebral lateralization refers to the:functional differences between the right and left hemispheresCerebrospinal fluid is formed by the:choroid plexusIn myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. T/FTrueThe afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.sensoryA graph of an EPSP would plot time against a voltage trace that would resemble:a hill where the high point approaches the threshold value.Broca's area governs the ability to articulate speech. T/FTrueGray matter refers to regions of the central nervous system composed primarily of densely packed neuronal cell bodies, whereas white matter consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers. T/FTrueReferencing the above image identify the dendrite.1Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.Which nucleus stimulates the muscles to produce the pattern of arm and leg movements associated with walking?Caudate nucleusThis structure contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord.Gray commissureAn example of spatial summation would be:two EPSPs that occur simultaneously from different presynaptic inputs add together or sumThe blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing from three locations in the brain. Which is not one of these locations?CerebrumDuring the rising phase of the action potential which of the following is true:Voltage-gated Na+ channels are open and sodium is flowing into the cell.Which of the cranial nerves is the only one to extend beyond the head and neck region?Vagus nerveThe thalamus:performs preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex.The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _____ ventricle.thirdThe type of neuron shown in the picture above would be considered to be:multipolarWhich of the following is not a special characteristic of neurons?They are mitotic.All of the following neuromodulations result in synaptic inhibition, except:None of these are exceptionsWhich structure is not part of the brainstem?cerebellumAnterograde transport is the movement of materials from synaptic knobs to the cell body. T/FFalseWhich functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system?InterneuronsSaltatory conduction occurs in:myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes.During a mugging, a person experiences an extreme level of fear. What portion of the limbic system is responsible for this and other emotional stress?Amygdaloid bodyThe main way acetylcholine is cleared from a synapse is by:degradation by an enzyme.The spinocerebellar pathway is an ascending somatosensory pathway. T/FTrueArrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in:Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob.Which choice correctly orders the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer?Epineurium --> perineurium --> endoneuriumThe type of neuronal circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons is a _____ circuit.divergingWhat is the name of the brainstem sensory area that contains axons that project to the cerebral cortex to arouse us from sleep?Reticular activating systemAfter axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by _____.Schwann cellsThe negative charge established along the nerve cell membrane is due to: a) movement of Na+ into the cell b) movement of proteins out of the cell c) higher permeability of K+ relative to Na+ d) intracellular protein anions e) both (c) and (d)e) both (c) and (d)Which of the following statements about the absolute refractory period are true? a) Is the period of time covered by the rising and falling phase of the action potential b) Can be overcome with a stronger than normal stimulus. c) Is the result of all available sodium channels being open during the rising phase and being closed and incapable of opening during the falling phase of the action potential. d) both (a) and (c).d) both (a) and (c).The Wernicke area is the motor speech area of the frontal lobe. T/FFalseThe neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles are called:lower motor neuronsInformation about temperature, proprioception, and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by:somatosensory pathwaysThe numerous folds of the cerebellar cortex are called:foliaNeurons may be classified according to several characteristics. Which of the following is correct?Group C fibers are not capable of saltatory conductionGyrus: a) An elevated ridge of the cerebral cortex b) A shallow groove located in the cerebral cortex c) Is used as an anatomical landmark d) Both (a) and (c) are correct e) both (b) and (c) are correctd) Both (a) and (c) are correctWhich of the following cortical lobes is not found on the surface of the cerebral cortex, e.g. buried deep within the lateral sulcus? a) frontal b) insula c) occipital d) parietal e) temporalb) insulaThe adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2. T/FTrueReceptors are parts of the nervous system that allow it to:collect informationHyperpolarization of a neuron results from:either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation.Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect different regions within the same hemisphere. T/FFalseThe inner most meninx is the:pia materThe glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the:neurolemmocyte (Schwanncell)Tye type of voltage-gated channel that possess an inactivation gate that temporarily closes after the channel is active is the:voltage-gated sodium channelWhich of the following statements concerning cerebrospinal fluid is incorrect? Cerebrospinal fluid: a) is formed by the choroid plexuses and is reabsorbed across the arachnoid villi into the blood within the dural sinuses. b) consists of materials that are vastly different than blood plasma. c) serves as a shock-absorbing fluid to cushion the brain against jarring movements. d) fills the subarachnoid space.b) consists of materials that are vastly different than blood plasmaThe glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to:the high lipid content of the myelin sheath.Which is not a function of the motor division of the nervous system? a) Conducts impulses from the CNS b) Transmits impulses to muscles and glands c) Transmits impulses from the viscera d) Voluntary control of skeletal muscle e) Involuntary control of the heartc) Transmits impulses from the visceraAt an excitatory synapse:There is increased permeability of the subsynaptic membrane to both Na+ and K+.Damage to which area would result in the inability to perform accurate motor actions?premotor cortexIn both the cerebrum and the cerebellum, white matter lies deep to superficial gray matter. T/FTrueThe part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) _____.axonGraded potentials: a) are local changes in membrane potential that occur in varying degrees of magnitude b) serve as short-distance signals c) serve as long-distance signals d) both (a) and (b) e) both (a) and (c)d) both (a) and (b)Which nucleus is part of the lentiform nucleus that controls muscular movement at the subconscious level?PutamenThe posterior horns of the spinal cord contain:axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons.An example of temporal summation would be:two EPSPs from the same presynaptic input occur so closely together in time that they add together or sumThe blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing from three locations in the brain. Which is not one of these locations? a) Hypothalamus b) Pineal gland c) Cerebrum d) Choroid plexusc) CerebrumAn action potential develops when: a) Threshold voltage is reached b) Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and the membrane reaches about -55mV c) Depolarization of the axon occues d) All of these.d) All of these.Which of these cranial nerves is the only one to extend beyond the head and neck region? a) Accessory nerve b) Glossopharyngeal nerve c) Trigeminal nerve d) Vagus nerve e) Vestibulocochlear nerveVagus nerveThis portion of the brain forms part of the roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle. Its posterior portion houses the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei.EpithalamusWhich is not characteristic of neurons? a) High mitotic rate b) High metabolic rate c) Require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen d) Extreme longevity e) No exceptions all of these are characteristics of neuronsa) High mitotic rateThe brainstem consists of the _____.midbrain, medulla, and ponsFast axonal transport is:active (requires ATP) and can occur in either the anterograde or retrograde directionEfferent neurons:transmit information to the effector organ.Which of the following is not true of saltatory conduction: a) occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers. b) involves the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to the adjacent node. c) is slower than contiguous conduction because myelin acts as an insulator to slow the impulse down. d) Both(a) and (c)d) Both(a) and (c)The part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long-term memory is the:hippocampusWhich of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? a) biogenic amine b) ATP and other purines c) nucleic acid d) amino acid e) acetycholinec) nucleic acidThe anterior spinocerebellar tract conducts signal about:proprioception from the lower limbsChoose the answer that correctly lists, in chronological order, the events involved in transmission. 1. A nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob. 2. Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft. 3. A nerve impulse begins in the postsynaptic cell. 4. Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell. 5. A voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell.1, 2, 4, 5, 3A mixed nerve refers to one that contains bothsensory and motor neuronsIn convergence:Thousands of synapses from many different presynaptic cells end upon a single postsynaptic cell.Which is the name of the brainstem sensory area that contains axons that project to the cerebral cortex to arouse us from sleep?Reticular activating systemAs the distance between a damaged axon and its receptor organ increases, the possibility of repair increases. T/FFalseExcitable cells possess all of the following except: a) a threshold potential b) an ability to open Na+ gated channels c) a resting membrane potential d) all of thesee) none of theseWhich of the following statements are true regarding the period after an action potential has occurred:The voltage-gated channels are closed but ions still move back and forth across the membrane due to the presence of leak channels and the Na-/K+ ATPase pump.Wernicke's area governs the ability to articulate speech. T/FFalseThe axons of primary sensory neurons make synaptic connections with:secondary neurons in the CNS.Information travels up the spinal cord to the brain via:ascending tracts.Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles?hypoglossal (CN XII)The subdivision of the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements, but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements, is thecerebellumWhich of these is the least likely to affect information transfer from STM (short-term memory) to LTM (long-term memory)?auditory association cortexWhich of the following is not a function of the hypothalamusInitiates voluntary skeletal muscle movementWhich of the following statements is false about the choroid plexus?It forms the blood-brain barrier.The ________ are descending motor tracts on the anterolateral surface of the mesencephalon.cerebral pedunclesWhich cerebral lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?parietal lobeThe primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral structure?precentral gyrusThe ________ are the isolated, innermost gray matter areas near the base of the cerebrum, inferior to the lateral ventricles.cerebral nucleiWhich structure contains some autonomic centers involved in regulating respiration?ponsRegarding the neuron, which region is where graded potentials are produced in response to triggering eventsDendritesRegarding the neuron, which region is where action potentials are initiated in response to the GPSP.Axon hillockRegarding the neuron, which region is responsible for conducting action potentials.AxonAfferent neurons:transmit messages to the spinal cordEfferent neurons:have cell bodies that originate in the CNSGray matter refers to regions of the central nervous system composed of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers, whereas white matter consists primarily of densely packed neuronal cell bodies. T/FFalseWhich term best describes the membrane of an excitable cell when the membrane is more negative than its resting potential?hyperpolarizedWhich type of channel would respond to a change in temperature?Thermally-gated channelThe negative charge established along the nerve cell membrane is due to: a) movement of Na+ into the cell b) movement of proteins out of the cell c) higher permeability of K+ relative to Na+ d) intracellular protein anions e) both (c) and (d)e) both (c) and (d)If a neuron were experimentally stimulated at both ends simultaneously so that an action potential was generated at both of those ends, which of the following would occur:The action potentials would stop as they met in the middleContiguous conduction:occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibersDuring hyperpolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative. T/FFalseAction potentials can be summed. T/FFalseGraded potentials can be summed. T/FTrueWhich of the following cortical lobes is not found on the surface of the cerebral cortex, e.g. buried deep within the lateral sulcus?insulaSulcus: a) An elevated ridge of the cerebral cortex b) A shallow groove located in the cerebral cortex c) is used as an anatomical landmark d) both (a) and (c) are correct e) both (b) and (c) are correcte) both (b) and (c) are correctThe limbic system: a) is a ring of networked structures including the diencephalon b) plays a key role in emotion. c) highly tied with pre-frontal cortex to link thoughts and feelings d) all of these answers e) none of these answersd) all of these answersWhich of the following statements concerning the spinal cord is incorrect a) afferent fibers enter the spinal cord through the ventral root. b) the dorsal and ventral roots at each level of the spinal cord join to form a spinal nerve. c) the spinal cord is not as long as the vertebral column. d) the ventral horn contains cell bodies of the efferent motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles.a) afferent fibers enter the spinal cord through the ventral root.Both the outer layer of the brain and the spinal cord is white matter. T/FFalseBroca's area governs the ability to comprehend language. T/FFalseWernicke's area governs the ability to articulate speech.FalseThe cell type of the CNS responsible for maintaining the spatial relationship between the neurons is the:AstrocyteThe cell type of the CNS responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid is the:Ependymal cellThe cell type of the CNS that serves as an immune defense cell of the CNS is the:Microglial cellOligodendrocytesprovide myelin sheaths for neurons in the CNS.Neurons lie entirely within the peripheral nervous system. T/FFalseWhich term describes the membrane of an excitable cell when the membrane has returned to resting potential after a change in the membrane potential?RepolarizedWhich type of channel would respond to a distortion or deformation of the plasma membrane?mechanically-gatedThe cells of excitable and nonexcitable tissues share which of the following properties?a resting membrane potentialSelect the correct statement about graded potentials:They may contribute to the development of an action potential.The rising phase of the action potential is due to:sodium influxThe membrane potential of a neuron is dependent on all of these except: a) A greater concentration of K+ on the inside of the cells b) A greater concentration of Na+ on the inside of the cells c) A greater concentration of Na+ on the outside of the cells d) The impermeability of anionic cellular proteins inside the cellsb) A greater concentration of Na+ on the inside of the cellsWhich of the following statements is/are not true: a) The cell membrane is excitable cells is not actually charged b) The vast majority of fluid both inside and outside the cell is electrically neutral. c) The more charges that are separated by the membrane the smaller the magnitude of the membrane potential. d) None of these statements.c) The more charges that are separated by the membrane the smaller the magnitude of the membrane potential.Select the correct statement about the action potential a) An action potential has an all-or-none characteristic b) An action potential speeds up transmission by summation. c) An action potential has a refractory period. d) Both (a) and (c) are correct.d) Both (a) and (c) are correct.Permeability of which ion is affected by a positive feedback mechanism once threshold is reached?sodiumAssume a hypothetical postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs --X, Y, and Z. When presynaptic neuron X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold and undergoes an action potential, yet when presynaptic neuron X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, there is no change in potential of the post-synaptic neuron. What can you tell about presynaptic neurons Y and Z?Presynaptic neuron Y is excitatory, and presynaptic neuron Z is inhibitory.Spatial summation takes place when:two EPSPs that occur simultaneously from different presynaptic inputs add together or sumThe grand postsynaptic potential depends on the sum of activity of the presynaptic inputs. T/FTrueLanguage ability, e.g. the understanding and making of speech, is usually associated with:left cerebral hemisphereWhich of the following is not a motor area of the cerebral cortex? a) Broca's area b) Frontal eye field c) Premotor cortex d) Primary motor cortex e) Visual association areaVisual association areaWhich of the following statements concerning the spinal cord is correct?the dorsal and ventral roots at each level of the spinal cord join to form a spinal nervePrelimary processing of all sensory input traveling to the cortex is performed by which part of the brain:thalamusDamage to which area would result in the loss of individual personality traits?prefrontal association cortexSelect the function not characteristic of the hypothalamus.sensory inputs from skeletal musclesProcedural memories: a) are associated with the temporal lobes are closely associated limbic structures. b) are associated with the cerebellum. c) involve acquisition of skills gained via repetitive training d) both (b) and (c) above.d) both (b) and (c) above.Which of the following statements concerning paradoxical sleep is incorrect?There are 4 stages of paradoxical sleep.Descending tracts:relay messages down the spinal cord from the brain to efferent neurons.Both the outer layer of the brain and the spinal cord is gray matter. T/FFalseAfferent neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root and efferent neurons exit the spinal cord via the ventral root. T/F.TruePlanning and decision-making are performed in the:anterior or prefrontal association cortexWhich of the following is not a motor area of the cerebral cortex?visual association areaWhich of the following is not true of contiguous conduction? a) occurs in myelinated nerve fibers. b) the action potential must travel the full length of the axonal cell surface. c) is faster than saltatory conduction d) Both (a) & (c).d) Both (a) & (c).Which of the following statements about the absolute refractory period are not true? a) An action potential is capable of being fired. b) Is due to, in part, some sodium channels still lingering in the inactive (closed incapable of opening) state. c) A stronger than normal stimulus is required due to membrane hyperpolarization. d) None of these.d) None of these.All of the following neuromodulations result in synaptic facilitation, except:e) none of these are examples