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ESL Praxis II

Terms in this set (140)

Active Voice
When the subject performs the action in the sentence (John carried the papers to the desk).
Affective Filter Hypothesis
Hypothesis that states nervousness, boredom, and anxiety have a negative affect on comprehension.
Affricatives
Produced by briefly stopping air and then releasing it with some friction (church).
Allophones
All the phones that make up a phoneme.
Aspiration
A strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or closure of some consonant sound formed by obstructing airflow.
Audio- Lingual Method
A style of teaching based on behaviorist theory. This approach to language learning is similar to direct method. THIS method advised that students be taught a language directly, without using the students' native language to explain new words or grammar in the target language. Unlike the direct method, THIS method doesn't focus on teaching vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drills students in the use of grammar.
Basal Reading Approach
Skills are taught in a sequential order based on material contained in basal reader.
Behaviorism
Theory that learning is a process of stimulus and response. What is reinforced is repeated.
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
BICS - Non-Academic language skills.
Blends
Two letters that are pronounced together with each letter retaining it pronunciation.
Bound Morpheme
Must be attached to a root word to have meaning (suffixes and prefixes).
Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach
(CALLA) Teaches explicit learning strategies while language is taught through content. Great for middle school and high school teachers.
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
CALP
Castaneda v. Pickard
Court case that determined that segregation of ELL's only permissible when the benefits of remedying language barriers outweigh adverse affects of segregation.

ELLs must be evaluated for effectiveness using a set of established criteria.
Code switching
Alternating between two or more languages, dialects, or registers in a single conversation.
Cognates
Words with similar roots in L1 and L2. Should be pointed out to students (escuela and school)
Community Language Learning
Counselor facilitates and supports students in communicating with a group. Students choose what they want to learn.
Consonant Cluster
A group of 2 or more consonants together with no intervening vowel (ex: pl, st. caught).
Consonant Digraph
Two consonants pronounced a a single sound (ch, sh, th, wh).
Constructivism
Learner-centered approach; students construct knowledge for themselves from their own experiences.
Cummins
Says it takes 5 to 7 years to learn academic English (new research suggest now 7-10 years). Also had theories on BICS and CALP.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Stand in place for a person, thing that must be pointed to (That car is the one I want).
Derivational Morphemes
Affixes that can be added to a morpheme to change its meaning and may change its part of speech (modern-ise).
Digraph
Two letter spelling for 1 phoneme.
Direct Method
Use target language in instruction to communicate and think in target language. Refrain from using native language. Constant question and response with teacher and students.
ELL
English Language Learner
Enculturation
The process of learning one's culture.
English Immersion
Almost 100% of class is taught in the target language (English).
Equal Education Opportunities Act of 1974
Required schools to design language programs to climate language barriers in schools.
ESL
English as a Second Language
ESL Placement Process
1. All students given home language survey
2. Students identified as ELL's are assessed
3. Students who test NES or LES are recommend for ESL
4. Parent Permission is sent and outcome plan is written
5. Students continue in ESL until proficient
6. After exit, monitor for 2 years
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to evaluate other groups according to the values and standards of ones own ethnic group, especially with the conviction that one's own ethnic group is superior to the other groups.
Explicit Instruction
Type of instruction that provides definitions and examples.
False Cognates
Words that sound similar, but have no meaning in common (la arena/ arena).
FES
Fluent English Speaker
Fossilization
The point past which language learners can not progress without exceptional effort.
Free Morpheme
Base in root words that can stand alone.
Fricatives
Produced by a constant flow of air through the vocal tract (f and v).
Grammar-Translation
Taught in native language. Focus on memorizing vocabulary translating literature passages.
Homophones
Two words with same pronunciation.
Idiom
A phrase that makes no sense taken literally.
"It was raining cats and dogs."
Implicit Instruction
Type of instruction where wide reading is considered how most new words are acquired.
Indefinite Pronouns
Refer to an unknown person, place or thing (Nothing is true).
Inflectional Morphemes
Affixes that can be added to a morpheme without changing its part of speech/suffixes (work-ed).
Input Hypothesis
A hypothesis thats states input should be slightly beyond students' current level (i+1) for acquisition to occur; pictures, gestures, tone of voice help make input comprehensible; frequently use key vocabulary words.
Integrated Language Approach
An approach that assumes that language is learned best when it integrated, whole, and in context. Focus on meaning and using language to communicate reading writing, speaking, and listening are all essential components.
Interrogative Pronouns
Used to ask questions (who?, what?).
Invented Spelling
Using knowledge of letter names to try to spell words, best judgment of spelling (ex: elafunt for elephant).
Jargon
Technical vocabulary associated with a special activity.
Key Components of Effective ESL Instruction
1. Clearly defined language and content objectives
2. Building background knowledge
3. Comprehensible Input
4. Strategies
5. Opportunities for student interaction
6. Practice and Application
7. Effective lesson delivery
8. Review and Assessment of key vocabulary and key content objectives.
Krashen
Had theories on comprehensible input (i+1) and believed in the Natural Approach
L1
First Language
L2
Second language
Language Experience Approach
A teaching approach where students dictate stories to the teacher who records them, using students' own vocabulary, grammar, and experiences to form the basic reading material. Uses students' spoken language to develop materials for reading and writing instruction. This approach incorporates students' oral language levels and personal experiences.
Lao v. Nichols
Court case that determined that schools cannot discriminate based on language and must provide appropriate educational accommodations to non English speakers.
LAS
Language Assessment Scale
LEP
Limited English Proficiency
LES
Limited English Speaker
LFS
Limited formal schooling
Linguistic Approach
Learning approach based on letter-sound correspondence.
Linguistics
The study of language.
Liquids
Make a smooth sound (l and r).
Maintenance Bilingual
A bilingual program that strives for full bilingualism and bi-literacy. Native language instruction continues after English proficiency is attained.
Melting Pot Theory
When people from other cultures assimilate to the point where their original identities and culture disappear- they become a uniform culture.
Minimal Pairs
A pair of words that differ by only 1 phoneme (dog/bog).
Monitor Hypothesis
A hypothesis that states rules are used to double check what we say or write; requires time; focus on how something is said rather than the message itself; "middle of the road" is the best approach to monitoring.
Morpheme
The smallest grammatical unit that is indivisible without violating meaning or producing meaningless sounds-dog.
Morphology
The study of words and their internal organization.
Multiculturalism
Cultures mix together in a culture of respect for diversity. Groups retain their culture identities
Multiple Exposures
Multiple Exposures to vocabulary is critical.
Nasals
Sound comes through the nose (m).
Natural Approach
Based on Krashen's acquisition theory. This approach emphasises communication, and places decreased importance on conscious grammar study and explicit correction of student errors.
Natural Order Hypothesis
A hypothesis that states features of speech appear in predictable order; sounds come first with some coming before others; statements before questions and positives before negative; order is determine by the language acquired, not the first language
NCLB
Requires annual assessments of ELL's in reading and math, requires annual assessments of ELL's proficiency and progress in English and increases state and local accountability for LEP students' progress.
Negative Transfer
Applying rules of syntax from first language to the second language (ex: I saw the car blue).
NEP
Non-English Proficient
NES
Non-English Speaking
Number Agreement
Using singular/plural form of nouns correctly.
Orthography
The study of sound and spelling. (English has a "deep orthography" with many rules and options for letter/sound correspondence.)
Over Generalization
Applying a rule of syntax to all situations "goed, "comed", vs "went" and "came".
Passive Voice
When the action is performed by an unknown agent (The papers were carried to the desk).
Personal Pronouns
Takes the place of a name of a person, place, or thing (He, She, It).
Phoneme
The smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.
Phoneme Substitution
Mispronouncing phonemes- usually with one articulated in a similar positioning of the mouth.
Phonetics
The study of sounds across languages.
Plyer v. Doe
Court case that determined that the 14th amendment prohibits states from denying a free public education to undocumented children. Prohibits schools from request of any documentation of legal status.
Reflexive Pronouns
Refer back to the person to whom the pronoun refers.
Register
The type of language used in a particular context (casual, professional).
Relative Pronoun
Used to relate to another noun in the sentence.
Rising Intonation
Usually used at the end of questions.
Scaffolding
Instructional supports provided to a student by an adult or a more capable peer in a learning situation.
Sight Word Approach
An approach where students memorize words as a whole.
Silent Period
Understanding language before being able to produce. The first state of language acquisition.
Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol.
(SIOP) A system for teaching language and content effectively.The use of clear, direct, simple English and wide range of scaffolding strategies to communicate meaningful input in the content area to ELLs above the beginner level.
SIOP Components
Building Background Knowledge
Interaction
Lesson Preparation
Practice and Application
Teaching Strategies
Stops
Formed by completely blocking the air and releasing it bilabials- stopped at lips.
Syntax
Governs the form or structure of a language (sentences). Specifics what word combinations are acceptable and what ones are not.
The Silent Way
Students take responsibility for their own learning. Teacher is silent most of the time. Speaks to give clues, not model language.
Title III
Requires Ell's to receive equal numbers of textbooks and other resources as their English speaking peers.
Title VI
Prohibits denial of equal access b/c of limited English proficiency. Specifically prohibits programs that don't teach English as soon as possible.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
No person b/c of race, color, or national origin shall be excluded from participation nor denied benefits, or otherwise subject to discrimination if program receives federal funds.
Total Physical Response
Based on the coordination of language and physical movement. Instructors give commands to students in the target language, and students respond with whole-body actions.
Transitional Bilingual
A bilingual program designed to move students to English proficiency as soon as possible. Then native language is discontinued.
Dual Language
Student population of 2 or more languages (50/50 L1, L2).
United States code 1703
No state shall deny education opportunity b/c of race, color, or national origin by failure of an educational agency to provide services to overcome language barriers that impede participation of students in its instructional programs.
Vgotsky
Developed "Zone of Proximal Development" theory.
Voiced stops
b, d, g
Voicless stops
p, t, k
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Vgotsky - Must work at appropriate development level- not to hard or to easy- in order to learn
Stages of Second- Language Acquisition
1. Preproduction
2. Early Production
3. Speech Emergence
4. Intermediate Fluency
5. Advanced Fluency
Assimilation
The process by which a person or a group's language and, or culture come to resemble those of another group.
Accommodation
Adustment that meets a need.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from external factors, as opposed to internal pleasures or rewards. Drives one to do things for tangible rewards or pressures, rather than for the fun of it.
Intrinsic Motivation
Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.
Schema
A concept in the mind about events, scenarios, actions, or objects that have been acquired from past experiences. Mind must find previous experiences to organize and relate new info.
Adjective
Modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. They usually precede the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.
Noun
A word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.
Verb
Asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being.
Adverb
Modifies a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a phrase, or a clause. Indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much".
Preposition
Usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence.
Links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence.
Interjection
A word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.
Conjunction
Used to link words, phrases, and clauses.
Present Simple
Verb Tense - I eat the pie.
Present Progressive
Verb Tense - I am eating the pie.
Present Perfect
Verb Tense - I have eaten the pie.
Present Perfect Progressive
Verb Tense - I have been eating the pie.
Past Simple
Verb Tense - I ate the pie.
Past Progressive
Verb Tense - I was eating the pie.
Past Perfect
Verb Tense - I had eaten the pie.
Past Perfect Progressive
Verb Tense - I had been eating the pie.
Future Simple
Verb Tense - I will eat the pie.
Future Progressive
Verb Tense - I will be eating the pie.
Future Perfect
Verb Tense - I will have eaten the pie.
Future Perfect Progressive
Verb Tense - I will have been eating the pie.
Communicative Competence
A term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.
Validity
The extent to which a test accurately measures what it purports to measure.
Reliability
Used to describe the overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have a high THIS if it produces similar results under consistent conditions. For example, measurements of people's height and weight are often extremely THIS.
Norm-Referenced Assessments
A type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured. Percentile ranking.
Criterion-Referenced Assessments
Test that provides for translating scores into a statement about the behavior to be expected of a person with that score or their relationship to a specified subject matter. Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered THIS. The objective is simply to see whether the student has learned the material.
Subtractive Bilingualism
Refers to the phenomenon in which first-language attrition occurs in learners as a result of their acquiring a new language. This is typically caused by learners of a second language who no longer have opportunities to use their first language in a new environment.
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