development

Terms in this set (74)

infancy task
trust vs mistrust
toddlerhood task
autonomy vs shame/doubt
preschool task
initiative vs guilt
elementary school task
Competence vs inferiority
adolescence task
Identity vs role confusion
young adulthood task
intimacy vs isolation
middle adulthood task
Generativity vs stagnation
late adulthood task
Integrity vs despair
infancy age
birth to 1
toddlerhood age
1-3
preschool age
3-6
elementary school age
6-puberty
adolescence age
teens - 20s
young adulthood age
20s - early 40s
middle adulthood age
40s-60s
late adulthood age
late 60s and up
stage 1 name
sensorimotor
stage 2 name
preoperational
stage 3 name
concrete operational
stage 4 name
formal operational
sensorimoter stage happens when?
birth to 2 years
preoperational stage happens when?
2 years to 7 years
concrete operational stage happens when?
7 years to 11 years
formal operational stage happens when?
12 years to adulthood
what happens during sensorimotor stage?
children experience the world through senses and movements
what happens during preoperational stage?
children represent things with words and images but do not understand
what happens during concrete operational stage?
children think logically about events
what happens during formal operantional stage?
people begin to think logically about abstract reasoning
what development occurs during sensorimotor stage? (2)
object permanence and stranger anxiety
what development occurs during preoperational stage? (3)
language, pretend play, egocentrism
what development occurs during concrete operational stage? (2)
conservation and math transformations
what development occurs during formal operational stage? (3)
abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning, solve hypotheticals
object permanance
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
Egocentrism
The inability to see the world through anyone else's point of view
conservation
principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape
Assimilation
Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas
schema
category of knowledge that allows us to interpret and understand the world
accomodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
nature / nurture debate
how do genetic inheritance and experience influence our development?
Continuity / stages debate
is development a gradual, continuous process or does it proceed through a sequence of separate states?
Stability / change debate
do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different people as we age?
Teratogens
agents (chemicals and viruses) that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
3 developments in the womb
zygote, embryo, fetus
maturation
biological growth processes controlled by genes that enables orderly changes in behavior
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
piagets stages 1-4
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states (feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict)
Kohlberg: 3 basic levels of moral thinking
preconventional morality, conventional morality, Postconventional morality
preconventional morality
(before age 9) focuses on self interests of avoiding punishments or getting rewards
conventional morality
(early adolescence) focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws or social rules
postconventional morality
actions are judged "right" because they flow from people's rights or from self-defined
Moral Feeling
unconsciously assume that harm caused by an action is worse than harm caused by failing to act
Cross-sectional study
study in which people of different AGES are compared with one another
Longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
Crystallized Intelligence
accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
Fluid Intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly
Rooting reflex
babies turn their head when touched on the cheek to look for a nipple
moro reflex
(startle response) babies kick out when they are falling
erikson is to _________ as piaget is to _______ as frued is to _______
social, cognitive, psycho-analytic/sexual
Secure attachment
babies explore the environment happily when mom is present and show distress when mom is gone
Insecure attachment
babie scling to their mothers and are less likely to explore the environment
mary ainsworth.....
attachment study
Child-Rearing practice: AUTHORITARIAN
parents impose rules and expect obedience
Child-Rearing practice: PERMISSIVE
Parents submit to children's demands
Child-Rearing practice: AUTHORITATIVE
Parents are demanding but responsive to their children
Lawrence kohlberg
development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas
fluid intelligence ____ with age, while crystallized intelligence _______
declines, does not
Flynn effect
says that over the past 10 years, intelligence scores are increasing
oral--over fed---leads to
oral aggressive
oral--under fed---leads to
ORAL PASSIVE
anal--too harsh--leads to
anal retentive (obsessive, stubborn)
anal--too lax--leads to
anal expulsive (untidiness, generous)
phallic--abnormal family setup leading to unusual relationships with parents---leads to
self obsession, sexual anxiety, inferiority
genital--settling down in a loving 1-to-1 relationship--leads to
well adjusted, heterosexual
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