Med Term Ch 13-14 Study Guide

LochiaBlood, tissue, and fluid that flow from the uterus for a week after birth until all of the endometrial lining is shred.Neonatal ne/o- new nat/o- birth -al = pert. toPertaining to a new birth.Menarche men/o- month -arche = beginningThe beginning of menstruation.Menstruation menstru/o- monthly discharge of blood -ation = being; having; processProcess of monthly discharge of blood.Anovulation an- not; without ovul/o- egg; ovum -ation = being; having; processFailure of the ovaries to release a mature ovum at the time of ovulation, menstrual cycle is still normal.Ovarian cancerCancerous tumor of an ovary.Polycystic ovary syndrome poly- many; much cyst/o- bladder; fluid-filled sac; semisolid cyst -ic = pert. toThe ovaries contain multiple cysts. A follicle matures and enlarges, but fails to rupture to release an ovum; it then becomes a cyst.Salpingitis salping/o- uterine tube -itis = infection or inflammation ofInflammation or infection of the uterine tube. Caused by endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease.Hydrosalpinx hydr/o- fluid; water -salpinx = uterine tubeInflammation fills the uterine tube with fluid.Pyosalpinx py/o- pus -salpinx = uterine tubeInfection fills the uterine tube with pus.Endometrial cancerCancerous tumor of the endometrium of the uterus.Endometriosis endo- innermost; within metri/o- uterus; womb -osis = condition; processEndometrial tissue in abnormal places. Condition within the uterus.Endometritis endo- innermost; within metri/o- uterus; womb -itis = inflammation or infection ofInflammation or infection within the uterus.parturit/o- part/o-Combining forms for pregnancy and childbirth.uter/o- uter/i- metr/o- hyster/o-Combining forms for uterus.Leiomyoma lei/o- smooth my/o- muscle -oma = mass; tumorBenign, fibrous tumor in the smooth muscle of the myometrium.Leiomyosarcoma lei/o- smooth my/o- muscle sarc/o- connective tissue -oma = mass; tumorCancerous tumor of the smooth muscle of the myometrium.Myometritis my/o- muscle metr/o- measurement; uterus; womb -itis = infection or inflammation ofInflammation or infection of the myometrium.Pyometritis py/o- pus metr/o- measurement; uterus; womb -itis = infection or inflammation ofAn infection of the myometrium that creates pus in the intrauterine cavity.Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) inflammat/o- redness and warmth -ory = having the function ofInfection of the cervix that ascends to the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries.Anteflexion of the uterusNormal forward tilt of the uterus.Retroflexion retro- backward; behind flex/o- bending -ion = action; conditionCondition where the uterus is bending backwards.Retroversion retro- backward; behind vers/o- travel; turn -ion = action; conditionCondition where the uterus is turned backwards.Uterine fibroids fibr/o- fiber -oid = resemblingSeveral tumors called leiomyomata.Uterine prolapseDescent of the uterus from its normal position.Uterine descensusThe uterus is so prolapsed that the cervix is visible at the vaginal introitus.Hysteroptosis hyster/o- uterus; womb -ptosis = state of drooping; state of fallingState of a drooping or falling uterus.Amenorrhea a- away from; without men/o- month -rrhea = discharge; flowAbsence of monthly menstrual periods. Caused by hormone imbalance, thyroid disease, or a tumor of the uterus or ovary.Dysmenorrhea dys- abnormal; difficult; painful men/o- month -rrhea = discharge; flowPainful menstruation.Menopause men/o- month -pause = cessationNormal cessation of menstrual periods, occurring around middle age.ClimactericThe change of life. Menopause.Perimenopausal peri- around men/o- month paus/o- cessation -al = pet. toThe time around menopause when menstrual periods first become irregular and menstrual flow is lighter.Menorrhagia men/o- month rrhag/o- excessive discharge; excessive flow -ia = condition; state; thingA menstrual period with excessively heavy flow or a menstrual period that lasts longer than 7 days.Menometrorrhagia men/o- month metr/o- measurement; uterus; womb rrhag/o- excessive discharge; excessive flow -ia = condition; state; thingExcessively heavy menstrual flow during menstruation or at other times of the month.Metrorrhagia metr/o- measurement; uterus; womb rrhag/o- excessive discharge; excessive flow -ia = condition; state; thingExcessively heavy bleeding at a time other than menstruation.Oligomenorrhea olig/o- few; scanty men/o- month -rrhea = discharge; flowA menstrual period with very light flow or infrequent menstrual cycles (longer than 35 days before the next cycle begins) in a woman who previously had normal menstruation.Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) pre- before; in front of menstru/o- monthly discharge of blood -al = pert. toBreast tenderness, fluid retention, bloating, and mild mood changes (irritability, anger, sadness) a few days before the onset of menstruation.Psychiatry, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) dys- abnormal; difficult; painful phor/o- bear; carry; range -ic = pert. toIncludes symptoms of PMS plus feelings of depression, anxiety, tearfulness, mood shifts, difficulty concentrating, sleeping and eating disturbances, and breast, joint, and muscle pain.Cervical cancerCancerous tumor of the cervix.Carcinoma carcin/o- cancer -oma = mass; tumorTumor containing cancer.In situSevere dysplasia of the cells in the cervix.Cervical dysplasia dys- abnormal; formation; growth -ia = condition; state; thingAbnormal growth of squamous cells in the surface layer of the cervix.Bacterial vaginosis vagin/o- vagina -osis = condition; processBacterial infection of the vagina due to Gardnerella vaginalis. There is a white or grayish discharge that has a fishy odor.Candidiasis candid/o- Candida; yeast -iasis = process; stateYeast infection of the vagina due to Candida albicans. Vaginal itching and leukorrhea, a cheesy, white discharge.Cystocele cyst/o- bladder; fluid-filled sac; semisolid cyst -cele = herniaHerniation of the bladder into the vagina because of a weakness in the vaginal wall. Caused by childbirth or age.Dyspareunia dys- abnormal; difficult; painful pareun/o- sexual intercourse -ia = condition; state; thingPainful or difficult sexual intercourse. This can happen when the hymen is across the vaginal introitus or because of infection, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or retroflexion of the uterus.Rectocele rect/o- rectum -cele = herniaHerniation of the rectum into the vagina because of a weakness in the vaginal wall.Vaginitis vagin/o- vagina -itis = infection or inflammation ofVaginal inflammation or infection. Inflammation can be caused by irritation from chemicals in spermicidal jelly or douches. Infection can be caused by candidias (yeast infection) or a STD.Breast cancerCancerous tumor, usually an adenocarcinoma of the lactiferous lobules of the breast. A lump is detected during mammography or breast self-examination.Adenocarcinoma aden/o- gland carcin/o- cancer -oma = mass; tumorCancerous tumor of the lactiferous lobules gland.Lactation lact/o- milk -ion = being; having; processThe process of milk production.Fibrocystic disease fibr/o- fiber cyst/o- bladder; fluid-filled sac; semisolid cyst -ic = pert. toBenign condition in which numerous fibrous and fluid-filled cysts form in one or both breasts.Galactorrhea galact/o- milk -rrhea = discharge; flowDischarge of milk from the breasts when the patient is not pregnant or breastfeeding. Caused by increase level of prolactin from an adenoma of the anterior pituitary gland.mamm/o- mamm/a- mast/o-Combining forms for breast.Abnormal presentationBirth position in which the presenting part of the fetus is not the head.BreechThe presenting part is the buttocks, buttocks and feet, or just the feet in birth.MalpresentationIf the fetus is in a transverse lie (the fetal vertebral column is perpendicular to the mother's vertebral column), the shoulder or arm is the presenting part.Abruptio placentaeComplete or partial separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor.Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) cephal/o- head pelv/o- hip bone; pelvis; renal pelvis -ic = pert. toThe size of the fetal head exceeds the size of the opening in the mother's pelvic bones so the fetus cannot be born vaginally.Dystocia dys- abnormal; difficult; painful toc/o- childbirth; labor -ia = condition; state; thingAny type of difficult or abnormal labor and delivery.Ectopic pregnancy ectop/o- outside -ic = pert. toImplantation or a fertilized ovum somewhere other than in the uterus. It can occur in the cervix, ovary, or abdominal cavity, but most commonly occurs in the uterine tube.Ectopic ectop/o- outside -ic = pert. toPertaining to outside.Tubal tub/o- tube -al = pert. toPertaining to a tube.Hemosalpinx hem/o- blood -salpinx = uterine tubeBleeding uterine tube.Gestational diabetes mellitus gestat/o- conception to birth -ion = action; condition -al = pert. toTemporary disorder of glucose metabolism that occurs only during pregnancy.hydatidiform mole hydatidi/o- fluid-filled sacs -form = having the form ofAbnormal union of an ovum and spermatozoon. It produces hundreds of small, fluid-filled sacs but no embryo.Incompetent cervixSpontaneous, premature dilation of the cervix during the second trimester of pregnancy.Mastitis mast/o- breast; mastoid process -itis = infection or inflammation ofInflammation or infection of the breast.Morning sicknessNausea and vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy.Hyperemesis gravidarum hyper- above; more than normal eme/o- vomiting -sis = condition; processExcessive vomiting that causes weakness, dehydration, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance.Oligohydramnios olig/o- few; scanty hydr/o- fluid; water -amnios = amniotic fluidDecreased volume of amniotic fluid. The fetus swallows amniotic fluid but does not excrete a similar volume in its urine because of a congenital abnormality of the fetal kidneys.Placenta previaIncorrect position of the placenta with its edge partially or completely covering the cervical canal.Polyhyramnios poly- many; much hydr/o- fluid; water -aminos = amniotic fluidIncreased volume of amniotic fluid. Caused by maternal diabetes mellitus, twin gestation, or abnormalities in the fetus.Preeclampsia pre- before; in front of eclamps/o- seizure -ia = condition; state; thingHypertensive disorder of pregnancy with increased blood pressure, edema, weight gain, and protein in the urine.EclampsiaPregnant woman has seizures and the fetus is endangered.Postpartum hemorrhage hem/o- blood -rrhage = excessive discharge; excessive flowContinual bleeding from the site where the placenta separated after delivery.Prolapsed cordA loop of umbilical cord becomes caught between the presenting part of the fetus and the birth canal.Spontaneous abortion (SAB) abort/o- stop prematurely -ion = action; conditionLoss of a pregnancy. An early spontaneous abortion usually occurs because of a genetic abnormality or poor implantation of the embryo in the endometrium.Biopsy bi/o- life; living organism; living tissue -opsy = process of viewingProcedure to remove a small piece of tissue for examination under a microscope to look for abnormal or cancerous cells.Cytology cyt/o- cell -logy = study ofThe study of cells.Ectocervical ecto- outermost; outside cervic/o- cervix; neck -al = pert. toPertaining to outside the cervix.Endocervical endo- innermost; within cervic/o- cervix; neck -al = pert. toPertaining to within the cervix.Aminocentesis amin/o- amnion; membrane around the fetus -centesis = procedure to punctureProcedure to test the amniotic fluid. Using ultrasound guidance, a needle is inserted through the pregnant woman's abdomen and into the uterus to obtain some amniotic fluid.Hysterosalpingography hyster/o- uterus; womb salping/o- uterine tube -graphy = process of recordingProcedure in which readioplaque contrast dye is injected through the cervix into the uterus. It coats and outlines the uterus and uterine tubes and shows narrowing, scarring, and blockage.Mammography mamm/o- breast -graphy = process of recordingProcedure that uses x-rays to create an image of the breast.Ultrasonography ultra- beyond; higher son/o- sound -graphy = process of recordingProcedure that uses ultra high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image on a computer screen.Colposcopy colp/o- vagina -scopy = process of using an instrument to examineProcedure that uses a magnifying, lighted scope to visually examine the vagina and cervix.Cryosurgery cry/o- cold surg/o- operative procedure -ery = processProcedure to destroy small areas of abnormal tissue on the cervix.Amniotomy amni/o- amnion; membrane around the fetus -tomy = process of cutting; process of making an incisionProcedure in which a hooked instrument is inserted into the cervical os to rupture the amniotic sac and induce labor.Obstetrical historyProcedure to document past pregnancies and deliveries.Nulligravida null/i- none -gravida = pregnancyA woman who has never been pregnant and is not pregnant now.Primigravida prim/i- first -gravida = pregnancyA woman who is pregnant for the first time.Multigravida mult/i- many -gravida = pregnancyA woman who has been pregnant more than once.NulliparaNo births.PrimiparaOne birth.MultiparaMany births.Hysterectomy hyster/o- uterus; womb -ectomy = surgical removalProcedure to remove the uterus.Laparoscopy lapar/o- abdomen -scopy = process of using an instrument to examineProcedure to visualize the abdominopelvic cavity, uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries.Oophorectomy oophor/o- ovary -ectomy = surgical removalProcedure to remove an ovary because of large ovarian cysts or ovarian cancer.Salpingectomy salping/o- uterine tube -ectomy = surgical removalProcedure to remove the uterine tube because of ovarian cancer or an ectopic pregnancy in the tube.Hysteropexy hyster/o- uterus; womb -pexy = process of surgically fixing in placeProcedure to suspend and fix the uterus in an anatomically correct position.Colporrhaphy colp/o- vagina -rrhaphy = procedure of suturingProcedure to suture a weakness in the vaginal wall. Done to correct a cystocele or a rectocele.Culdoscopy culd/o- cul-de-sac -scopy = process of using an instrument to examineProcedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the vagina and then pushed through the posterior wall of the vagina (in the area of the cul-de-sac behind the cervix) and into the pelvic cavity.LumpectomyProcedure to excise a small malignant tumor of the breast.Mammaplasty or mammoplasty mamm/o- breast -plasty = process of reshaping by surgeryProcedure to change the size, shape, or position of the breast.Mastectomy mast/o- breast; mastoid process -ectomy = surgical removalProcedure to surgically remove all or part of the breast to excise a malignant tumor.Radical radic/o- root and all parts -al = pert. toPertaining to roots and all parts.CerclageProcedure to place a purse-string suture around the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely.Cesarean sectionProcedure to deliver a fetus.Episiotomy episi/o- vulva -tomy = process of cutting; process of making an incisionProcedure that makes an incision in the posterior edge of the vagina and into the perineum to prevent a spontaneous tear during delivery of the baby's head.Tocolytic toc/o- childbirth; labor lyt/o- break down; destroy -ic = pert. toPertaining to breaking down the labor process or slowing it down.Breast self-examinationBSEBilateral salpingo-oophorectomyBSOCephalopelvic disproportionCPDDilation and curettageD&CDysfunctional uterine bleedingDUBIntrauterine growth retardationIUGRLast menstrual periodLMPNormal spontaneous vaginal deliveryNSVDoophor/o- ovar/i-Combining forms for ovary.Premature rupture of membranesPROMPap smearScreening cytology test used to detect abnormal cells or carcinoma in situ of the cervix.Apgar scoreProcedure that assigns a score to a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.Endocrinology endo- innermost; within crin/o- secrete -logy = study ofThe study of the innermost secretions.Endocrine gland endo- innermost; within crin/o- secrete -ine = pert. to; thing pert. toProduce and secrete hormones into the blood.Exocrine glandGlands that release substances through ducts.Hyperpituitarism hyper- above; more than normal pituitar/o- pituitary gland -ism = disease from a specific cause; processHypersecretion of one or all of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland.Adenoma aden/o- gland -oma = mass; tumorBenign gland tumor.Hypopituitarism hypo- below; deficient pituitar/o- pituitary gland -ism = disease from a specific cause; processHyposectretion of one or more of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland.Panhypopituitarism pan- allHyposecretion of all of the hormones.Gigantism gigant/o- giant -ism= disease from a specific cause; processHypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty.Acromegaly acr/o- extremity; highest point -megaly = enlargementHypersectretion of growth hormone during adulthood.DwarfismHyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty.Diabetes insipidusHyposecretion of ADH. It is caused by a defect in the posterior pituitary gland, a brain infection, head trauma, or heredity.Polyuria poly- many; much ur/o- urinary system; urine -ia = condition; state; thingState of having too much urine.Polydipsia poly- many; much dips/o- thirst -ia = condition; state; thingState of increased thirst.Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) affect/o- have an influence on; mood; state of mindHypersecretion of melatonin. It is caused by a defect in the pineal gland. High levels of melatonin causes depression, weight gain, and an increased desire for food and sleep.Hyperthyroidism hyper- above; more than normal thyroid/o- thyroid gland -ism = disease from a specific cause; processHypersecretion of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones. It is caused by an adenoma in the thyroid gland.Thryotoxicosis thry/o- shield-shaped structure; thyroid gland toxic/o- poison; toxin -osis = condition; processAlso known as Hyperthyroidism because of the toxic effect of the high levels of thyroid hormones.Graves' diseaseMost common type of hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune disease in which the body produces antibodies that stimulate TSH receptors on the thyroid gland.ExophthalmosThey eye moves out or away.GoiterA chronic and progressive enlargement of the thyroid gland.Thyromegaly thyr/o- shield-shaped structure; thyroid gland -megaly = enlargementAlso known as a goiter.Hypothyroidism hypo- below; deficient thyroid/o- thyroid gland -ism = disease from a specific cause; processHyposecretion of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones. It is usually caused by an inadequate amount of iodine in the diet.Myxedema myx/o- mucus-like substance -edema = swellingSwelling of the subcutaneous and connective tissues.CretinismUntreated congenital hypothyroidism results in mental retardation.Thyroid carcinomaMalignant tumor of the thyroid gland.Thyroiditis - Hashimoto's thyroiditisChronic inflammation and progressive destruction of the thyroid gland.Hyperparathyroidism hyper- above; more than normal para- abnormal; apart from; beside; two parts of a pair thyroid/o- thyroid gland -ism = disease from a specific cause; processHypersecretion of parathyroid hormone.Hypercalcemia hyper- above; more than normal calc/o- calcium -emia = condition or substance in the bloodCalcium level in the blood is too high.Hypoparathyroidism hypo- below; deficient para- abnormal; apart from; beside; two parts of a pair thyroid/o- thyroid gland -ism = disease from a specific causeHyposecretion of parathyroid hormone.Hypocalcemia hypo- below; deficient calc/o- calcium -emia = condition or substance in the bloodCalcium level in the blood is too low.Hyperinsulinism hyper- above; more than normal insulin/o- insulin -ism = disease from a specific cause; processHypersecretion of insulin.Hypoglycemia hypo- below; deficient glyc/o- glucose; sugar -emia = condition or substance in the bloodA low level of glucose in the blood.Insulin resistance syndrome resist/o- withstand the effect of -ance = stateHypersectretion of insulin. Not caused by adenoma. Occurs when receptors on body cells resist and do not allow insulin to transport glucose into the cell.Diabetes mellitus (DM)Hyposectretion of insulin. Caused by an inability of the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete enough insulin.Hyperglycemia hyper- above; more than normal glyc/o- glucose; sugar -emia = condition or substance in the bloodIncreased level of glucose in the blood.Glycosuria glycos/o- glucose; sugar -ur/o- urine -ia = condtition; state; thingState of glucose in the urine.Polyuria poly- many; much ur/o- urine -ia = condition; state; thingToo much urine.Polyphagia poly- many; much phag/o- eating; swallowing -ia = condition; state; thingEating too muchKetoactidosis ket/o- ketones acid/o- acid; low pH -osis = condition; processA high level of ketones in the blood.Neuropathy neur/o- nerve -pathy = diseaseDisease of the nerves.Nephropathy nephr/o- kidney; nephron -pathy = diseaseDisease of the kidney or nephronRetinopathy retin/o- retina of the eye -pathy = diseaseDisease of the retina of the eye.Hyperaldosteronism hyper- above; more than normal aldosteron- -ism = disease from a specific cause; processHypersecretion of aldosterone.HypoaldosteronismHyposecretion of aldosterone.Cushing's syndromeHypersecretion of coritsol.Addison's diseaseHyposecretion of cortisol.Adrenogenital adren/o- adrenal gland genit/o- genital -al = pert. toHypersecretion of androgens. The clitoris and labia enlarge and resemble a penis and scrotum. Boys precocious puberty.Virilism viril/o- masculine -ism = disease from a specific cause; processMasculine facial features and body build.Hirsutism hirsut/o- hairy -ism = disease from a specific cause; processExcessive, dark hair on the forearms and face.Pheochromocytoma phe/o- gray chrom/o- color cyt/o- cell -oma = mass; tumorHypersecretion of norephrine and epinephrine because of an adenoma in the adrenal mudulla. Mass that has a gray color cell.Precocious pubertyHypersecretion of testosterone in a male child. Premature development of the male sexual characteristics, with development of a beard, deepening of the voice, and sperm production.Gynocomastia gynec/o- female; woman mast/o- breast; mastoid process -ia = condition; state; thingHyposecretion of testosterone in an adult males. Boobs in a male.Infertility in- in; not; within fertil/o- conceive; form -ity = condition; stateHyposecretion of testosterone in an adult male. State of not conceiving.Fasting blood sugar (FBSTest that measures the level of glucose after the patient has fasted for at least 12 hours.Glucose self-testingSelf-test that measures the level of glucose.Glucose tolerance test (GTT)Blood and urine tests that measure the level of glucose to determine if the pancreas is secreting a normal amount of insulin.Thyroid function test (TFTs)Test that measures the levels of T3, T4, and TSH to determine if the thyroid gland is secreting normal amounts of thyroid hormones.Urine dipstickTest that measures glucose, ketones, and other substances in the urine.AdrenalectomyProcedure to remove the adrenal gland because of an adenoma or cancerous tumor.ParathyroidectomyProcedure to remove one or more of the parathyroid glands to treat hyperparathyroidism.ThymectomyProcedure to remove the thymus in patients with myasthenia gravis.ThyroidectomyProcedure to remove the thyroid gland.Transsphenoidal hypophysectomyProcedure to remove an adenoma from the pituitary gland.AntidiabeticPertaining to against diabetes.AntithyroidResembling against thyroid gland.EndocrinologistPerson who specializes in the innermost secretions.DiabetologistPerson who specializes in diabetes.Diabetic ketoacidosisDKADiabetes mellitusDBFasting blood sugarFBSInsulin-dependent diabetes mellitusIDDMNon-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusNIDDMSeasonal affective disorderSADDysplasia dys- abnormal; difficult; painful plas/o- formation; growth -ia = condition; state; thingCondition of abnormal growth.