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AP World History Exam

Terms in this set (68)

HELLENISM
the Culture, ideals and pattern of life of Classical Greece
TREATY OF VERDUN
- Signed in 843 AD After the Death of Charlemagne and the death of his son Louis the Holy Roman Empire (Italy, Germany, Belgium and France) was divided among the 3 grandsons of Louis.
FEUDALISM
- European Social, economic and political system of the middle ages. It had a strict hierarchy with the King at the top that passed land out to nobles to run. Beneath the nobles were vassals who were given a smaller portion of land from the nobles. And below the vessels were peasants who worked the land for the vessels
HANSEATIC LEAGUE-
was a group of towns that formed an alliance. Had an economic basis established in 1358 and controlled trade throughout much of northern Europe. These interactions lead to a push for nationhood.
MAGNA CARTA-
Signed in 1215 CE this document reinstated the feudal rights of nobles but also extended the rule of law to other people in the country namely the growing Burgher class. This laid the foundation of Parliament.
JOAN OF ARCH
- a teenage farm girl that claimed to have heard voices that told her to liberate France from the hands of the English. She was supplied with military backing and forced the British to retreat from Orleans. She was later captured by France, Tried by England and Burned at the Stake by France.
BUREAUCRATIC SYSTEM:
developed by the Han Dynasty. Believed that those involved in government should be highly educated and excellent communicators. They developed the Civil Service exam to help sort through potential candidates.
COUNCIL OF TRENT:
a group of Church officials who held meetings to direct the counter-reformation period in 1545-1563. They dictated and clarified the Catholic Church's position on important religious questions. This lead to the comeback of the Catholic Church.
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
-1494 Portugal and Spain were already fighting over land in the newly found Americas. To resolve their differences, the two countries drew up the treaty of Tordesillas, Which established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal (north-south) line that runs through the western Atlantic Ocean. They agreed everything to the east of the line belonged to Portugal; everything to the west belonged to Spain.
MIDDLE PASSAGE:
Triangle trade of salves for Rum and molasses with Europe and the New World.
JOINT-STOCK COMPANY:
an organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors.
ELIZABETHAN
AGE: 1558-1603 Golden Age for England. Boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization of the new world, especially after the English fleet destroyed the Spanish Armada in 1588. During this time the Muscovy Company was founded as the first joint-stock company and the British East India Company followed suit.
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
- China was carved up by Britain, France, Germany and Russia. These were not colonies as much as they were investments in military bases and to set up businesses, transportation and communication (1880s)
FASCISM:
destroys the will of the individual in factor of "the People." Wanted to unify the society but weren't concerned with eliminated private property or class distinctions. Instead pushed for extreme National identity were often relied on racial identity.
HEBUS CORPUS ACT:
Protects people form arrest without Due Process established in 1679
MONROE DOCTRINE
: a statement of US Foreign Policy expressing opposition to extend European control or influence in western hemisphere.
ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS
: signed in 1689 and limited the power of England's Future Monarchs
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
: in 1648 the independence of mall German states was affirmed and Prussia became the strongest. The Holy Roman Empire was left very weakened with very little control after Westphalia however it would hold its title until 1806.
WARSAW PACT:
eastern bloc alliance between Russia , E. Germany, Poland, Czecholoslovickia, Romina, Bulgaria
IRON CURTAIN
: term used to by Winston Churchill. Western influence was not allowed to penetrate boarders to the east and easterner was rarely allowed to go to the western bloc. This pertains to the East and west side of Germany. Where the Berlin Wall stood.
Persian Wars
United all the Greek city states against their mutual enemy Persia. Greece won 2 major victories (one at Marthon and one at Salamis) which allowed them to keep hold of the Aegean Sea. Greece wins war and enters into Golden Age of Pericles. -rise of philosophy (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle)
Peloponnesian Wars
Peloponnesian League (Sparta and alley city-states) vs. Delian League (Athens and Alley City-states) fought because they feared the power other city-states had in GREECE. The Spartans and the Peloponnesian League won (they were so weakened that they were an easy target for the Macedonians and fell to them shortly after but King Philip resected Greek Culture so much that he encouraged it to Flourish)
Firs tPunic War
Was fought by Rome to gain control of the island of Sicily. Rome WON
Second Punic War
Began with attach by Hannibal, a Carthaginian general who is considered to be the greatest military mind of all time, Surprised the Roman army by attacking from the North when the Romans were expecting them from the South. But as they were attacking in the North Rome landed in North Africa and eventually peace was reached (Carthage was a city state in North Africa and became Rome's First enemy)
Third Punic War
Was started by Rome. Rome invaded Carthage and burned it to the ground. They then continued to expand their empire throughout the Mediterranean.
First Triumvirate War
Fight for control of the Roman Republic after the fall of the senate and the assembly. Power shifts to 3 leaders (Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar) Caesar Wins but is killed in 44BC by angry senators.
Second Triumvirate War
Composed of Octavius, Marc Antony and Lepidus. Power again shifts to one person (Octavius who becomes Augustus Caesar) and leads to the end of the Republic of Rome as Rome will now become an empire under one leader. Augustus Caesar leads Rome to Pax Romana (Roman Peace) for 200 years
Battle of Talus River
Abbasid Dynasty of Islamic Empire Fight to control the Silk Road trading post in central Asia. They win and learn about paper money from their captured Chinese POWs.
Battle of Tours
Charles Martel (a Frankish leader) Led the revolt against the advancing Muslim armies and in 732 CE defeated just outside of Paris. This prevented the Islamic Empire from expanding and flourishing in Europe beyond parts of Spain and Southern Italy
Hundred Years war
Between France and England. France wanted to unite all French speaking territories under English rule. Spearheaded by Joan of Arc (see Terms to know) England withdraws from France. Under French Royal power (monarchs known as Bourbons), government was centralized and becomes a major power player in Europe.
Spanish Inqusition
Non-Christians in Spain were forced to either convert to Christianity or leave the country. Lead to the spread of the Spanish Language, Spanish Customs and Christianity to much of the New World
The Crusades
Military campaign undertaken by European Christians to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity
Wars of the Roses
Struggle of the English Throne between the house of York (White Rose) and the House of Lancaster (Red Rose) ending with the accession of Tudor monarch Henry VII
The Thirty Year's War
Began when protestant territories in Bohemia challenged the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Developed in to a huge religious war as well as political war. Involved France, Denmark, and Sweden, The Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia. Devastated the region and significantly weakened the role of the Holy Roman Emperors, which in the 19th century would finally lead to the rise of hundreds of nation-states in the region. It is estimated that 7 million people died from the Holy Roman Empire.
Spanish Succession
France was trying to increase its territories to increase opportunities for business transactions and taxes. The Spanish Succession was disaster for the grand plans of France. In 1701 the grandson of Louis XIV's grandson married inherited the Spanish Throne. This caused fear in Europe that Spain and France would combine to create an unstoppable combo-power especially because France owned so much of America while Spain had the bulk of Central and South America. England, The Holy Roman Empire and German princes all united under the common threat. Spain was unable to combine with France and France lost much of its territory to England.
Seven Years War/ French and Indian war
Britain and France fought in India, North America and Europe. England won. During this time frame France enlisted the Algonquin and Iroquois tribe to fight alongside them against the encroaching English colonists. Britain won and changed the boundaries of French territory. France was pushed up north and English territories expanded to the Ohio River Valley.
American Revolution
Britain felt that the American Colonists didn't share enough of the burden of all the wars that Britain was involved in especially the French Indian war. To counter act this Britain began to impose heavy taxes on the colonists (Revenue Act of 1764, The stamp act of 1765 and the Tea Act of 1773) Upset by the heavy taxes and lack of colonial representation in parliament the battle cry of "No taxation without representation" began. On april 19,1775 british troops battled with rebellious colonists in Lexington and Concord. With the help of Thomas Paine and his book "Common Sense" (encouraged colonists to push for independence as their natural rights were being taken by Britain) the Declaration of Independence was signed. 1776 the war hit the middle colonies, and final reached the South. In 1777 France join as America's Ally and in 1781 French and American troops cornered the core of the British army which was under the command of General George Cornwallis. He surrendered and the war ended. In 1780s the Constitution and bill of rights were written and put into effect. Democracy was on display for the world.
French Revolution
Louis the 16th lifestyle and war debt lead to the meeting of the Estates General in 1798 (1st estate was clergy members, 2nd estate was noble families, 3rd estate was everyone else) The representatives of the 3rd estate (95% of the pop) were suspicious of the Nobles and saw the greater freedoms eared by America in the American Revolution. This scared the other estates and they proposed that all estates meet separately. This upset the 3rd estate and on June 17, 1789 the 3rd estate declared themselves the National Assembly. The other 2 estates were forced by the King to join and a new constitution was signed. On July 14, 1789 Anarchy swept through France and peasants stormed the Bastille. By August the Declaration of the Rights of Man was created. This was based off the enlightenment and declaration of independence. Another new constitution was drafted.
First Opium Wars
In 1773 Opium was introduced by Britain to China causing addiction in China. In 1838 the drug habit among the Chinese had grown so widespread and destructive that the Manchu Emperor released an imperial edict forbidding the further sale or use of opium. In 1839 Opium was seized by China in Canton. China lost to Britain and was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjin. This was known as the "unequal treaties" because Britain was given considerable rights to expand trade with china. Thus expanding the opium trade
Sepoy Mutiny
The British East India Trading company hired Sepoys, which were local Indians, to work as soldiers. They became upset when the found out that the bullet cartridges, which had to be bitten off, were greased with pork and beef fat. This violated both Muslim and Hindu dietary laws. This lead to the Sepoy rebellion. The fighting lasted for almost 2 years when the British parliament stepped in, took control of India away from the East India Company and made all of India a crown colony. This lead to Queen Victoria becoming the Empress of India in 1877.
Sino-French War
The Chinese lost control of Vietnam to France who established a colony there called French Indochina
Sino-Japanese war
The Chinese were defeated when the rising imperial power in Japan wanted more trading rights with China. 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed by china and control over Taiwan and greater trading rights were given to Japan. Japan shared similar trading rights as Britain.
Indian National Congress fight for freedom
India was the model of British Imperialism adapting many British ideals. In 1885 the fight for independence starts through Indian National Congress. (Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by a group of well-educated Indians to begin path toward independence.
Boer Wars
In S. Africa over Gold and Diamonds. British won. Native Africans were made to work the minds during the whole process. Union of South Africa was established and in 1910 a constitution was made all while under British rule.
World War 1
1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife of Austria Hungary are assassinated. Austria-Hungry declared war on Serbia (archenemies since the 1870s Franco-Prussian war) Russia ally to Serbia declared war on Austria-Hungry. Germany storms through Belgium to attack France causing France and Britain to join with Russia. (This is all due to the 1905 Schlieffen Plan that called for Germany to attack France through Belgium if Russia calls war and Serbia. France and Britain sign ally agreement called Triple Entente with France and Russia to attack should any of them become threatened.) Italy backs out of its agreement with Germany and Ottoman Empire takes it place. The Central Powers are Germany, Ottoman Empire and Austria Hungry. With France, Britain, Russia, Japan, Italy and USA all forming the Allies and In 1915 Italy joins in again on the side of the Allies. USA joins fight in 1915 when Germany sinks the Lusitania killing more than 100 Americans aboard. The American's intercepted a telegram known as the Zimmermann telegram which implied that Mexico may be joining in on the side of Germany threatening America. These caused America to join the fight in 1917. On November 11, 1918 after brutal battles and trench warfare and large loss of life, Germany and the Central Powers finally Gave up. 1919 Treaty of Versailles officially ends WW1.
World War 2
At the End of WWI USA president offers 14 points peace act but it was rejected, Instead Germany was forced to sign the economy crushing treaty that will eventually lead to Adolf Hilter and WWII. Prior to end of WWI Russia signs treaty with Germany known as the treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Under this treaty a large part of Russia ceded to Germany. The underlying causes of WWII begin in the 1920s. bad leaders take over throughout Europe-Italy becomes Totalitarian Fascist under Benito Mussoli, Germany becomes lead by Hitler, USSR becomes Totalitarian communist under Joseph Stalin. Timeline of Adolf Hitler
Germany during WWII
used Blitzrieg which literally means lightning war and destroyed everything in its path quickly. Within the first year the Axis Powers controlled most of continental Europe. Germany completed air bomb of Britain in 1940 known as Battle of Britain. Germany did not gain access in to Britain but it was at a high cost. On December 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and the US declared war on Japan. US developed Manhattan Project which was the first Atom bombs created. By 1943 Britain and US worked to create a plan to take back control of Europe. They started to take control of Italy and by 1944 had planned out D-day to take back France. On June 6, 1944 English, American and Canadian Troops landed on the beaches of Normandy (D-Day) and helped the French resistance forces battle all the way across northern France and in the summer of 1944 France was liberated from Germany. In May of 1945 Germany Allied Troops closed in on Hitler and Hitler committed Suicide. August 6, 1945 America drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan in hopes of ending WWII quickly however Japan refuses to surrender. The 2nd atom bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 and WWII is official brought to a close.
China Civil War
China falls in to civil war due to fight over communism vs. Democratic form of government. Democratic group was forced to Island of Taiwan where they established Republic of China. In 1973 UN and USA recognized as People's republic of China (Mainland China) as the real China. They remain separate to this day however they are very close as their economies have grown.
The Cold War
Russia and the USA battled for Global domination. They were trying to keep each other from spreading their political ideas outside of their boarders. An arms race btwn the 2 was so massive a world holocaust was very possible at the touch of a button. Plays a large part in Vietnam war and Korean War.
Korean War
Sent Troops to fight for S. Korea who was under attack by N. Korea. The country was split after ww2 by US and Russia. N Korea is very communist and S. Korea was Democratic. Not seeing eye to eye N. Korea seeks to destroy s. Korea and bring them under N. Korean Political policy. They were unsuccessful and a wall was built to physically separate the 2 sides. Fighting continues as N. Korea's Economy falters and communism still reigns. Fighting at the 39th parallel
Vietnam War
Vietnam was split in 2, just like Korea, along the 17th parallel. The North side was under communist control by Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dihn Diem was president of the democratic South Side. N. Vietnam pushed for reunification of Vietnam as a communist state and Ho Chi Minh sent guerrillas to the south to fight and soon a war broke out. The USA came to the aid of s. Vietnam. Democratic forces were unable to take the North side of Vietnam and in 1975 US troops withdrew their aid. N. Vietnam and the Viet Cong fighters took control of the South and a peace agreement was final reached. Unification of Vietnam was completed under communist rule. Hurt foreign policy for US and showed weakness in US as major superpower.
Six-days War
Israelis won the west bank of Jordan and the Sinai peninsula and the Gaza strip. Won back their Homeland
Cuba,Russia and USA
Cuba overthrows US government that was established in Cuba. Group is replaced with Fidel Castro. Castro then establishes communist's dictatorship. President Kennedy launches Bay of Pigs invasion where exiled Cubans were trained to fight and sent back to Cuba to rally more troops. This plan fails and Russia comes to the aid of Cuba. Russia sets up missiles on the island of Cuba. President Kennedy set up navel blockades preventing any additional USSR packages from arriving in Cuba. This becomes known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. Standoff lasted until October 28,1962.
Iran-Iraq war
8 year fight for boarders. Neither gained any ground.
Polytheism
Believe in multiple gods who impact daily life on earth to varying degrees
Confucianism
Confucius was the son of an Aristocratic family in north China, It is a political and social Philosophy NOT RELIGION! Focuses on 5 fundamental relationships (ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, friend and friend) when each group does what they are supposed to society is predictable. There are several values stressed by Confucianism: Ren- A sense of humanity, kindness and benevolence, Li- a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect and deference to elders, Xiao- Filial piety, which means a respect for family obligation, including to the extended family
Daoism
Defined as the way of nature, the way of the Cosmos. Founded by Lao-tzu, the believe system is based on an elusive concept regarding an eternal principle governing all workings of the world. They believe in disengagement from worldly affairs
Legalism
It maintained that peace and order were achievable only through a centralized, tightly governed state. Legalists didn't trust human nature and therefore advocated for the need of tough laws.
Buddhism
Founded by young Hindu prince named Siddhartha Gautama. He rejected his wealth to search for the meaning of human suffering. He meditated under a tree and became Buddha or the enlightened one. No supreme being in Buddhists only FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS:all life is suffering Suffering caused by desireOne can be freed of this desire One is freed of desire by following what's called the Eightfold path(right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right endeavor, right mindfulness, right meditation
Judaism
God selected a group of people, The Hebrews, and made himself known to them. If they follow his laws, worshipped him and were faithful, He would preserve them for all time. Belief in a Unique relationship with God.
Christianity
Came into existence with Jesus of Nazareth. Believed to be the Son of God and the Messiah for who the Jews had been waiting for. He was crucified by Pontius Pilot in 30CE and rose from the dead and ascended into Heaven.Believe that Jesus is the Son of God and that forgiveness of sins and ultimate everlasting life is achievable only through believe in the divinity, death and resurrection of Christ. Believe that God created all things and that following the will of God will lead to harmony. Believe that it is their duty to spread the Word of God to those that are unconverted.
Roman Catholicism Vs The Orthodox Christian Church
Became separated from the Orthodox Christianity in 1054 CE when the pope (who was the leader of the Byzantium's Church) and Constantinople could not reconcile their differences. The pope then excommunicated Constantine and Constantine did the same to the pope. Their disagreements were over the sacrament of communion, whether priest should marry and the use of local language in church.
Islam
Followers known as Muslims believe that Allah (God) transmitted his words to the faithful through Mohammad, whose followers began to record those words in what can to be called the Qur'an. Muslims believe that salvation is won through submission to the will of God and that this can be accomplished by following the FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM:confession of faithprayer 5 times a daycharity to the needyfasting during the Month long Ramadan*Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime
Lutheran
A German Monk named Martin Luther nailed a list of 95 theses or issues he had with the catholic church on a church door. Believed that church should be conducted in the language of the locals. Believed that Salvation was given directly by God through Grace not through indulgences (these were tickets you could buy to reduce your time in purgatory) Believed that you could appeal directly to God for forgiveness of Sins as the Bible suggests. Pope Leo x was very upset and called for Luther's arrest. He was protected by noble men in town and continued to write and spread his ideas. Followers of Luther began to call themselves Lutherans and pulled always from the Catholic Church
Calvinism
Began by John Calvin of France. The belief that God had predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people, most of whom God had already damned to Hell. Only a few, known as the Elect, would be saved. By 1530 Geneva Switzerland spread through to Scotland
The Church of England (Aka Anglican Church)
King Henry VIII did not have a son as heir to his throne and sought to leave his wife, Catherine of Aragon because of this. The Pope denied the annulment of the marriage and King Henry VIII renounced Rome and declared himself head of religious affairs in England. King Henry VIII went on to marry 5 more wives and have a son who died young. His daughter Elizabeth, a protestant, rose to the throne and was one of the most famous and successful rulers of England.
Atheist
Believe that no God exists
Deism
The belief that God exists but plays a passive role in life. Believe that God is Powerful and rules over an orderly realm but doesn't interfere with its workings. God is like a watchmaker, He set up the world, gave it natural laws to function then let it run itself.
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