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Ch. 23 Respiratory

Terms in this set (69)

functions of respiratory system
provides surface area for gas exchange (35X as much as your lungs), move air to exchange surface (inhale & exhale), protects respiratory surface, produces sounds, helps w/ smell
hypoxia vs anoxia
hypoxia- low O2 levels
anoxia- no oxygen
hypercapnia vs hypocapnia
hyper- an increase in arterial PCo2, stims chemoreceptors in the medulla (to restore homeostasis); Too much Co2 so cant exchange gas well, need to increase breathing to increase O2, holding your breath- COPD, Asthma, bronchitis

Hypo- too low Co2 need to decrease breathing to decrease O2, hyperventilation-commonly caused by hypocapnia
***capnia- Co2 levels
total lung capacity
Vital capacity + residual volume
vital capacity
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
pneumothorax vs atelectasis
pneumothorax allows air into the lungs via puncture, an atelectasis is a collapsed lung which is the effect of the pneumothorax
Aging affects on resp system
-compliance of lungs- elastic tissue start to degenerate so have to do more breathing out
-osteoarthritis in ribs, back so changes breathing
-emphysema- from inhalation of particles over time, affects people 50+
effect of emotional stress
can active sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions of ANS causing bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction
laryngeal spasm
temporarily closes airway, larynx and trachealis muscle constrict to prevent foreign substance from entering,
**1 inch of water causes death
apnea
period of suspended breathing; before sneezing and coughing
-reflexive w/ exposure to toxins, chems, irritants, or something mechanically stimulating in the tract
hering-Breuer Reflex
-inflation reflex- prevents overexpansion of lungs
-deflation reflex- inhibits expiratory centers, stims inspiratory to prevent lungs from collapsing, helps turn on the inhalation centers to start inflation of the lungs
DRG vs VRG
-DRG- dorsal resp. group- MEDULLA, will stim VRG if suddenly need to breath deeper, stims inspiration muscles, works on forced breathing and quiet breathing (eupnea)

-VRG- ventral resp group- MEDULLA, excessive breathing (hyperpnea), only works on forced breathing, stims the muscles of forced inhalation and exhalation
pneumotaxic vs apneustic
pneumotaxic- inhibits apneustic, promotes excessive or active breathing, breathing rate, tells apneustic thats enough so DRG = blocked so we exhale, PONS, stims VRG

apneustic- depth of breathing, PONS, stims DRG (constantly) and then overflows and goes to VRG
chloride shift
whatever direction bicarb (HCo3-) goes, chloride (Cl-) goes the other way
carbonic acid being used as transport
as co2 comes in 93% in cell and 7% out in plasma, in cell 70% is carbonic acid (H2Co3) and 23% is HbCo2 (carbaminohemoglobin), H2Co3 breaks apart to HCo3- (bicarb) and H+, HCo3- (bicarb) leaves to buffer so Cl- (chloride) comes in, Hgb binds to H+ (bc 2% hgb left over)
**remaining 7% diffuses into plasma as Co2
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