PSYC Midterm 1 - Quiz 1-3

Why has the human brain grown larger throughout evolution?
-all of these
-we developed use of tools
-when we became bipedal, our vision improved so that we could see long distances
-we developed linguistic abilities to share knowledge with members of our 'tribes'
Click the card to flip 👆
1 / 59
Terms in this set (59)
Why has the human brain grown larger throughout evolution?
-all of these
-we developed use of tools
-when we became bipedal, our vision improved so that we could see long distances
-we developed linguistic abilities to share knowledge with members of our 'tribes'
all of these
We as humans have nervous systems that allow us to perceive the world and control movement, and we also have intangible minds that for a long time were thought of as the soul, or spirit. People tend to subscribe to two different approaches, dualism or monism. These concepts have arisen as a way to solve the __________________________ .
-pineal gland theory
-soul-spirit problem
-mind-body question
-doctrine of specific nerve energies
mind-body problem
When the charge inside an axon is more positive than the charge outside of the axon, the neuron is _____________________.
-Hyperpolarized
-none of these
-Depolarized
-at resting potential
Depolarized
What prevents large molecules from entering the brain's blood supply?
-the brain transmembrane
-Astrocytes
-the blood-brain barrier
-none of these
the blood-brain barrier
How are Schwann cells different from oligodendrocytes?
-Schwann cells support the PNS while oligodendrocytes support the CNS
-Schwann cells do not myelinate other neurons
-Schwann cells support the soma, while oligodendrocytes support the axon
-oligodendrocytes clear debris by phagocytosis
Schwann cells support the PNS while oligodendrocytes support the CNS
When a neuron is not communicating with another neuron, it is said to be at ____________.
-resting potential
-none of these
-action potential
-depolarization
resting potential
What type of neurons lie entirely within the central nervous system (as opposed to the peripheral nervous system)?
-interneurons
-motor neurons
-sensory neurons
-none of these
interneurons
What is responsible for saltatory conduction?
-sodium-potassium pumps
-glial cells
-myelin
-Neurotransmitters
myelin
What happens first when a neuron's threshold of excitation is reached?
-sodium channels open and sodium rushes in
-sodium channels close and nothing can cross the cell membrane
-potassium channels open and potassium rushes in
-none of these
sodium channels open and sodium rushes in
What type of glial cells provide support to the central nervous system?
-all of these
-oligodendrocytes
-astrocytes
-microglia
all of these
Autotopagnosia (as described in the case of Mr. M on p 73-74) involves which lobes of the brain? -temporal -occipital -frontal -ParietalParietalApoptosis occurs: -by default -only prior to birth -in some of the first neurons to establish synapses -randomly after all migrating neurons have established synapsesby defaultWhat brain region plays a role in sleep and arousal, attention, muscle tone, and movement? -reticular formation -cerebellar peduncles -superior and inferior colliculi -lateral and medial geniculate nucleireticular formationWhat is TRUE with regard to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? -it is manufactured by the choroid plexus -it is ONLY located in the subarachnoid space -it can be foud in the CNS and PNS -it accounts for the bulk of the brain's weightit is manufactured by the choroid plexusShortly after birth, experience affects neural development. -True -FalseFalseOften you hear the terms "gray matter" and "white matter" when talking about the brain and spinal cord. In the brain specifically, the outer cortex is mostly made of "white matter." -True -FalseFalseDuring brain development, the most rostral of the three divisions eventually becomes several brain structures that include the: -cerebral cortex and thalamic regions -cerebellum and pons -tectum, tegmentum, and limbic structures -medulla oblongatacerebral cortex and thalamic regionsDuring asymmetrical division, about how many neurons migrate along radial glial cells each day? -1 billion -10 thousand -1 million -1 trillion1 billionWhy can the term "dorsal" refer to the back of humans and also the 'top' of a horse? -all of these -humans' heads are perpendicular to their backs -dorsal can also refer to the 'top' of a human -due to evolution, our neuraxis bendsall of theseWhy is it essential that the brain has a consistent blood supply? -the brain cannot temporarily extract energy without oxygen as our muscles can -without enough blood the brain has to rely on cerebrospinal fluid for energy -blood filters out harmful toxins that could harm brain tissue -Due to gravity, the heart must work harder to pump blood to the brainthe brain cannot temporarily extract energy without oxygen as our muscles canWhat is the determining factor for the rate at which a drug reaches the brain? -lipid solubility -molecular weight -method of administration -metabolic propertieslipid solubilityMonoamine oxidase A deactivates: -norepinephrine -dopamine -serotonin -acetylcholinenorepinephrinePeople sometimes are willing to pay for injections of botulinum toxin, an acetylcholine antagonist. -True -FalseTrueWith insufflation drug administration, drugs enter the body through: -the nasal mucosa -the lungs -the bloodstream -The musclethe nasal mucosaParkinson's disease results from: -degeneration of neurons in the nigrostriatal system -degeneration of neurons in the mesocortical system -degeneration of neurons in the mesolimbic system -degeneration of neurons in the striatocortical systemdegeneration of neurons in the nigrostriatal systemAmino acids cannot act as neurotransmitters. -True -FalseFalseThe short-term memory impairment caused by marijuana use is caused by: -the action of THC in the hippocampus -the inactivation of CB1 receptors in the hippocampus -the activation of anandamide receptors in the striatum -The specific genetics of the drug userthe action of THC in the hippocampusAbout half of neurons in the brain receive both excitatory input from glutamate-secreting terminals as well as inhibitory input from GABA- or glycine-secreting terminals. -True -FalseFalse- Probably all neurons in the brain receive both.Some receptors have multiple binding sites, to which different ligands can bind. -True -FalseFalseWhat two factors does the 'therapeutic index' of a particular drug take into account? -the dose of drug that helps 50% of patients, and the dose that harms 50% of patients -the speed of drug delivery to the brain, and the dose of drug that helps 50% of patients -the dose reaching maximum receptor affinity, and the speed of drug delivery to the brain -the dose of drug that helps 50% of patients, and the dose that harms the liver the leastthe dose of drug that helps 50% of patients, and the dose that harms 50% of patientsWhat happens by the time the neural tube closes four weeks after conception? -The telencephalon and diencephalon are now distinguishable -The beginnings of the ventricles have been formed -The neural plate is formed -Human development officially beginsThe beginnings of the ventricles have been formedDuring the first phase of development, what happens in the ventricular zone? -All of these -The subventricular zone is established -Progenitor cells make more progenitor cells -The ventricular zone increases in sizeAll of theseAt what point during development do neurons grow dendrites? -Prior to migration -During all of these times -After they have migrated to their final location -During migration along radial gliaAfter they have migrated to their final locationXanax, alcohol, and morphine all act on the same type of receptors -True -FalseFalseWhy does an injection of heroin produce effects more quickly than morphine, even though they both have similar efficacy in the brain? -Heroin attaches to red blood cells more effectively than morphine -Heroin diffuses at a faster rate than morphine -Heroin is a smaller molecule than morphine -Heroin is more lipid soluble than morphineHeroin is more lipid soluable than morphineWhere is the most important, and most complex, site of action of drugs in the CNS? -Both pre- and post- synaptic receptors -Presynaptic receptors -Postsynaptic receptors -AutoreceptorsBoth pre-and post-synaptic receptorsIn research using animal models, the most common route of drug administration is: -Inhalation -Injection -Oral -GavageInjectionsWhat is the compensatory mechanism that takes place after repeated use of a drug? -All of these -The affinity of the drug decreases -Receptors become down-regulated, or decrease in number -Decrease in effectiveness of receptor bindingAll of theseCocaine's effects are a result of: -Acting as an indirect agonist -Inactivating reuptake transporters -Binding to non-competitive sites -Acting as in indirect antagonistInactivating reuptake transportersThe autonomic nervous system consists of: -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division -somatic division -cerebellar divisionsympathetic division and parasympathetic divisionWhat type of neurons are ONLY found in the tuberomammillary nucleus? -GABAergic -opioidergic neurons -histaminergic neurons -acetylcholinergic neuronshistaminergic neuronsWhat drug of abuse is also sometimes used as a topical anesthetic? -Morphine -heroin -Cocaine -nicotineCocaineWhat is the oldest method used in neuroscience? -targeted genetic mutations -magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -deep brain stimulation -experimental ablationexperimental ablationWe can track neural activity using methods other than recording electrical signals. What are you doing if you are using a Fos method? -measuring metabolic rate changes as markers of activity -using radioactivity to look for emulsions -using the presence of nuclear proteins to infer neural activation -detecting levels of oxygen in the brain's blood vesselsusing the presence of nuclear proteins to infer neural activationWhich of the following is true with regard to optogenetics? -all of these -blue light excites infected neurons by opening channels permeable to sodium and calcium -genetic modifications create photosensitive proteins in the neural membrane -yellow light inhibits infected neurons by causing an influx of chloride into the cellall of these Why are sham (control) lesions necessary? -Trick question. They actually aren't necessary -They provide you the opportunity to use a within subjects, or repeated measures design -They help confirm that experimental effects are not a result of tissue damage during surgery -They help keep the experimenter blind to experimental groups They help confirm that experimental effects are not a result of tissue damage during surgeryHistological methods are used to study brain tissue, as in the case of confirming precise location of lesions. Cresyl violet is a type of Nissl stain that ONLY stains neuron's cell bodies (soma). -True -FalseFalseWhat experimental method requires the use of stereotaxic surgery? -producing brain lesions in humans -region-specific drug injections in rodents -placement of cannulas in rodents -all of theseall of theseThere are several common methods for studying the living human brain. Which method can reveal bundles of myelinated axons? -Confocal laser scanning microscope -Diffusion tensor imaging -fluorogold tracing -Infusion of saporin conjugated with antibodyDiffusion tensor imagingWhat is NOT true with regard to excitotoxic lesions? -they are created when amino acids destroy neural soma -excitatory amino acids cannot destroy axons passing through the vicinity of injection -they are produced by over stimulating neurons -everything in the vicinity of the injection is destroyedeverything in the vicinity of the injection is destroyedLesion studies help us understand the role of different brain regions. Why is the distinction between brain function and behavior important? -brain functions do not contribute to the performance of behavior -behaviors typically depend on only one region in the brain -no single brain region is solely responsible for a specific behavior -brain functions are specific to a single behavior (e.g., mechanisms for comprehending the meaning of words cannot also be involved in speech comprehension)no single brain region is solely responsible for a specific behaviorWhen recording neural activity in vivo, in what case would you want to use macroelectrodes rather than microelectrodes? -when you want to record activity of only serotonergic neurons -when you want to record activity in multiple regions of the brain -when you want to record activity of individual neurons -when you want to record activity of an entire brain regionwhen you want to record activity of an entire brain regionWhat is the significance of the authors' findings? (Question based on Marcinkiewcz et al) -they identify a potential target for therapeutic treatment of early SSRI effects -they represent some of the first evidence that SSRIs can be anxiogenic rather than anxiolytic -they provide evidence that SSRIs work in mice -they highlight an alternative treatment for anxiety/depression that is not SSRI-basedthey identify a potential target for therapeutic treatment of early SSRI effectsThe dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) sends serotonergic input to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). What is the effect of this DRN-->BNST serotonergic input? (Question based on Marcinkiewcz et al) -5-HT (serotonin) attaches to 5-HT1A receptors to alleviate anxiety -they interact with a microcircuit in BNST to inhibit BNST output that is normally anxiolytic (reduces anxiety) -input provides negative feedback to GABAergic neurons there -none of thesethey interact with a microcircuit in BNST to inhibit BNST output that is normally anxiolytic (reduces anxiety)Following delivery of footshock, the authors found elevated cfos in the serotonergic (5-HT) neurons that project from DRN to BNST. What is this evidence of? (Question based on Marcinkiewcz et al) -the 5-HT neurons were activated by the footshock -the 5-HT neurons do in fact project to BNST -the footshock caused the 5-HT neurons to shut down -the 5-HT neurons do in fact originate from DRNthe 5-HT neurons were activated by the footshockSSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are the most widely prescribed type of drug to treat depression, yet, the initial (first few weeks) reaction most patients have to these drugs is aversion. Marcinkiewcz et al. show that this early aversion is due to what receptor type? (Question based on Marcinkiewcz et al) -5-HT2C -BNST -CRF1 -5-HT2ACRF1What behavioral models did the authors use to test for anxiety/fear? (Question based on Marcinkiewcz et al) -elevated plus maze -novelty-induced suppression of feeding -all of these -open field testall of theseImagine you are studying neural circuits, and you are curious just how many output pathways exist in the amygdala. In other words, you want to know how many brain regions neurons in the amygdala project to. What type of labeling methods could you use to find out? -Pseudorabies virus labeling -Activity-dependent labeling -Retrograde labeling -Anterograde labelingAnterograde labelingMicrodialysis is a common procedure used in research related to human subjects. -True -FalseFalseWhen comparing electrical versus chemical neural activation techniques, what is the disadvantage of chemical activation -The effects of stimulation are more localized -Specific receptor types can be targeted -It is more complicated -It activates cell bodies, not axonsIt is more complicated