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Plant Morphology Test 3

Terms in this set (53)

Lycopodiophyta
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Lycopodium strobili
collection of tightly clustered leaves
Strobili bears _____.
Sporangium (w/ spores)
Strobili leaves that bear sporangium are _____.
Sporophylls
Strobilus is a _____.
A cone/entire collection of leaves
Layer of cells around the sporangium is _____.
Secretory tapetum
Secretory tapetum provides _____.
nutrients for developing spores
Family Lycopodiaceae have 2 genera: _____ & _____
Lycopodium & Huperzia
Lycopodium do/do not have strobili?
has strobili
Huperzia do/do not have strobili?
no strobili
resemble miniature conifers
evergreen, short, close to ground
mostly tropical but are temperate & arctic species
homosporus
advantageous roots (roots that don't arise from embryo)
root branching can be dichotomous or monopodial
Club Mosses
Lycopodiaceae common name:
Club mosses
Lycopodiaceae underground stem is known as _____.
Rhizome
Rhizoids vs Rhizomes
(wip)
Lycopodium spores have a high _____ content and were used in _____ _____.
fat
flash photography
_____ _____ gametophytes are green and photosynthetic.
Club moss
Club moss rhizoids are connected with _____.
Endomycorrhizae
Endomycorrhizae help _____ , protect _____, are _____ by the _____.
absorb nutrients and water
against microorganism attack
fed fungus
white, non-photosynthetic, subterranean
also mycorrhizae partners
**only ~10% have gametophytes found -> some rarely form gametophytes & stick to asexual reproduction through plantlets
Lycopodiaceae
Family Selaginellaceae common name:
Spike mosses
Genus: Selaginella
anisophylly
very little overlap of leaves
tend to live on forest floors -> less sun
bluish iridescence -> helps capture light
roots have dichotomous branching
most frequent in tropical
Selaginella lepidophylla
resurrection plant
in deserts (SW US, ex. Texas, Mexico, Peru)
Family Isoetaceae common name:
Quillworts
Quiilworts habitat:
ponds, streams, worldwide but uncommon
microphylls even though larger - up to 15 cm
they are hollow
base of microphylls & megasporangia & microsporangia
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Ancestral Lycopodiophytes
Carboniferous 325 mya -> period of peak
Diversity & size of lycopodiophytes
Trees up to 40m high
ex. Lepidodendron -long trunk without branches
-dichotomous branching
-each has a single midrib
ex. Sigillaria "battle brush" tree
Monilophyta Class Psilotopsida AKA
"Whisk ferns"
2 genera of Psilotopsida:
Psilotum & Tmesipteris
Psilotum grow in _____.
tropical/subtropical (8-100cm)
lava fields, rich soils, among rocks
Tmesipteris grow in _____.
south pacific (5-10cm)
Psilotum are "_____."
Primitive
In _____, only the stem in the sporophyte has vascular tissue.
Psilotum
In _____, they have no true roots or leaves.
Psilotum
Enations, Synangia = 3 fused sporangia, yellow when mature, green when immature, gametophyte - bisexual, has vascular tissue, only 2mm long, non-ps, mycorrhizal fungi
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Rhizome has a symbiosis with mycorrizae, has short rhizoids
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Class Equisetopsida AKA
Horsetails
There are 15-25 species of _____.
Horsetails
Only one extant genus Equisetum of _____.
Horsetails
Horsetails habitat:
temperate zone plants, ditches, desert creeks, roadsides, railway embankments, along streams, on all continents ex. Antarctica
Some produce 2 shoots 1 green, _____ and one brown _____.
non-reproductive, fertile
gametophytes
-ps
-rhizoids
-small
-water needed for fertilization
more diverse and large in Carboniferous
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still strong internode/node
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branches in whorls
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(Ferns) Two types of Sporangia:
Single layered pinna, less spores, from one cell, thin stalk
Multi-layered pinna, more spores, from multiple cells, no/massive stalk
Both have secreting tapetum
Order _____ of class Psilotopsida
Ophioglossum
eusporangiate, homosporous
diverged early from other ferns
N temperate
Ophioglossum
Ophioglossum 2 genera:
Ophioglossum "adder's tongue fern", 1 fertile frond,1 leaf, old fields and meadows and cedar glades, (Ophioglossum reticulatum has most chromosomes of any plant, 1260)
Botrychium "grape fern", shady forest floors
Class Marathiopsida
eusporangiate, homosporous, all tropical, ancient group, back to carboniferous
Class Polypodiopsida
Order Filicates
leptosporangiate, homosporous, in GA, a fern with >1 leaf and not floating on water, has sori
Sorus
cluster of sporangia on the underside of a pinna
Indusium
flap of tissue protecting a young sorus, start green, dry with time, brown shrivel, marginal, cup shaped, exindusiate
Leptosporangia opening
one annulus cell, thick walls on 3 sides, thin one at side, dead at maturity, evap pulls side walls together
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...