Kaplan AP US History - Overview

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (168)

Three Sisters
American Indians in regions such as the northeast utilized companion planting to perfect their method of cultivating the Three Sisters crops (corn, beans, and squash); the cornstalks provided a structure for the beans to grow up, and the squash held moisture in the soil.
Great League of Peace
Five Iroquois tribes even formed the Great League of Peace, which annually convened with representatives from the five groups.
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus arrived in the Bahamas in October 1492 and subsequently discovered the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba.
Amerigo Vespucci
During Amerigo Vespucci's trips along the South American coast, which lasted from 1499 to 1502, Europeans realized that they had encountered a continent of which they had had no previous knowledge.
Jacques Cartier
French explorers, such as Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain, cultivated friendly business relations with Native Americans, dealing mostly in beaver pelts.
Samuel de Champlain
French explorers, such as Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain, cultivated friendly business relations with Native Americans, dealing mostly in beaver pelts.
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494, decided how Christopher Columbus's discoveries of the New World would be divided.
Spanish Requirement of 1513
In the Spanish Requirement of 1513, Spain asserted its divine right to conquer the New World, stating that its main concern was to rescue the natives from hedonism.
Juan de Oñate
In addition to colonizing Florida, Spain sponsored explorations into the modern-day Southwestern United States. These incursions were generally considered failures because they did not yield discoveries of gold or sources of labor. It was not until 1598 that Juan de Oñate led a group of approximately 400 colonists, missionaries, and soldiers to establish a permanent settlement north of Mexico.
Sir Walter Raleigh
In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh sent approximately 100 male colonists to Roanoke, a small island off of the North Carolinan coast, which was then considered to be part of Virginia.
Roanoke
In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh sent approximately 100 male colonists to Roanoke, a small island off of the North Carolinan coast, which was then considered to be part of Virginia.
Virginia Company
In 1606, the Virginia Company was incorporated by its investors in London, and King James I granted a charter to colonize and govern Virginia.
Samuel de Champlain
French explorers, such as Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain, cultivated friendly business relations with Native Americans, dealing mostly in beaver pelts.
Henry Hudson
In 1609, while employed by the Dutch East India Company to find a Northwest Passage to Asia, the Englishman Henry Hudson sailed into New York Harbor.
New Amsterdam
In 1625, the Dutch designated the town of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island as the capital of their New Netherland.
Pueblo Revolt
In August 1680, a Pueblo man named Popé asserted himself as the head of an unexpectedly coordinated uprising called the Pueblo Revolt, which intended to drive the Spanish from the colony and restore the Pueblos' former independence.
Anglican
Henry created the Church of England, or the Anglican Church, which was decidedly Protestant.
charters
Parliament granted exclusive rights and privileges, known as charters, to Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, permitting them to found colonies in North America at their own expense.
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Parliament granted exclusive rights and privileges, known as charters, to Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, permitting them to found colonies in North America at their own expense.
Sir Walter Raleigh
In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh sent approximately 100 male colonists to Roanoke, a small island off of the North Carolinan coast, which was then considered to be part of Virginia.
Roanoke
In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh sent approximately 100 male colonists to Roanoke, a small island off of the North Carolinan coast, which was then considered to be part of Virginia.
Bacon's Rebellion
Bacon's Rebellion of 1676 demonstrated the problems inherent in controlling former indentured servants.
Sir William Berkeley
Virginia's governor, Sir William Berkeley, ruled the colony based on the interests of the wealthy tobacco planters.
Nathaniel Bacon
Nathaniel Bacon, a young, newly arrived member of the House of Burgesses, capitalized on his fellow backwoodsmen's complaints by mobilizing them to form a citizens' militia.
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the part of the Triangular Trade which transported Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World.
Virginia Company
In 1606, the Virginia Company was incorporated by its investors in London, and King James I granted a charter to colonize and govern Virginia.
Opechancanough
This peace abruptly ended in 1622, when Powhatan's younger brother Opechancanough planned and executed a surprise attack on Jamestown that massacred 347 of the approximately 1,200 Virginia colonists in one day.
John Rolfe
In 1611, John Rolfe, an influential Virginian leader, introduced his fellow farmers to tobacco cultivation, which soon became the English colonists' substitute for the gold they had not found.
proprietary colony
Maryland was founded in 1632 as a proprietary colony, a colony in which the crown allotted land and governmental command to one person.
Mayflower Compact
Before arriving in America, the Pilgrims drafted an agreement to establish a secular body that would administer the leadership of the colony. This document, known as the Mayflower Compact, was the first written form of government in the modern-day United States.
Great Migration of the 1630s
Thus began the Great Migration of the 1630s, during which Puritan families ventured across the Atlantic Ocean, seeking religious freedoms and new beginnings.
Thomas Hooker
The Prominent Puritan leader Thomas Hooker founded a settlement at Hartford, Connecticut, in 1636, also after dissenting with the Massachusetts authorities.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the first "constitution" in colonial America, fully established the Hartford government in 1639.
Charter of Liberties and Privileges
The Charter of Liberties and Privileges mandated elections, in which male property owners and freemen could vote every three years.
William Penn
Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, who wanted it to be a colony that promoted freedom of religion and a place where American Indians and settlers would be able to coexist in peace.
James Oglethorpe
James Oglethorpe, a wealthy reformer, founded Georgia in 1733 as a haven for those who had been imprisoned in England as debtors.
Navigation Acts
In 1651, the English Parliament, then led by Oliver Cromwell, passed the Navigation Acts, which intended to supersede Dutch control of international trade.
Jonathan Edwards
Preacher Jonathan Edwards is credited with inciting it in 1734, with sermons that encouraged parishioners to repent of their sins and obey God's word in order to earn mercy.
Albany Plan of Union
The Albany Congress, under the guidance of Benjamin Franklin, constructed the Albany Plan of Union, which called for a confederation of colonies to defend against attack by European and native foes.
Patrick Henry
The young Patrick Henry, a lawyer from Virginia, expressed popular colonial sentiment when he stood in the Virginia House of Burgesses and accused the British government of usurping the rights guaranteed to colonists as Englishmen.
Patrick Henry
The young Patrick Henry, a lawyer from Virginia, expressed popular colonial sentiment when he stood in the Virginia House of Burgesses and accused the British government of usurping the rights guaranteed to colonists as Englishmen.
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
The Sons and Daughters of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, intimidated tax collectors by attacking their homes, burning them in effigy, and even tarring and feathering them.
Massachusetts Circular Letter
Samuel Adams was consequently to pen the Massachusetts Circular Letter in 1768, demanding that the Townshend Acts be immediately repealed.
Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms
The Congress drew up the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms, which justified the raising of a professional colonial military force and urged King George III a second time to consider colonial grievances.
Thomas Paine
In January 1776, Thomas Paine, a recent English immigrant to the colonies, published a pamphlet that would bring the radical notion of independence to the mainstream.
Treaty of Paris (1783)
In the Treaty of Paris (1783), the Americans agreed to repay debts to British merchants and promised not to punish Loyalists who chose to remain in the United States.
Miami Confederacy
The British openly sold firearms and alcohol to the Miami Confederacy, a group of eight American Indian nations whose response to American encroachment on their lands was to terrorize settlers.
Little Turtle
The war chief of the Miami Confederacy, Little Turtle, informed Americans that the Confederacy considered the Ohio River the northwestern boundary of the newfound United States.
Treaty of Greenville
The Battle of Fallen Timbers prompted the Treaty of Greenville of 1795, in which 12 tribes ceded vast areas of the Old Northwest to the federal government, including most of what is now Indiana and Ohio.
John Locke
British philosopher John Locke's theory of natural rights challenged the absolute and divine rule of kings and queens by asserting that all men should be ruled by natural laws (rights derived from basic reason that are independent from any society's laws), and that sovereignty was derived from the will of those governed.
Land Ordinance of 1785
The Land Ordinance of 1785 established the basis for the Public Land Survey System whereby settlers could purchase land in the undeveloped West.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established guidelines for attaining statehood: territories with at least 60,000 people could apply for statehood.
Daniel Shays
Angered by these high taxes, debtors' prisons, and continued lack of pay for wartime service, veteran Daniel Shays and a band of Massachusetts farmers rose up during the summer of 1786, demanding tax and debt relief.
Roger Sherman
On June 11, Roger Sherman rose with the proposal that membership in one branch of the legislature be based on state population, and the other branch (the Senate) have equal representation for all states, with each state having one vote.
French Revolution
While the American public was largely enthusiastic about potential democratic reforms in their onetime French ally, the French Revolution (1789-1793) exacerbated existing political divisions among American leaders.
Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793
Washington and many members of his Cabinet agreed that the nation was too young and its military too small to risk engagement in a European war, and thus declared the United States to be neutral in the landmark Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793.
Jay's Treaty
The terms of Jay's Treaty were primarily designed by Hamilton and realized several American economic goals, including the removal of British forts in the Northwest Territory.
Farewell Address
Upon leaving office in 1797, Washington wrote a letter to the people of the United States, his Farewell Address, in which he warned the infant nation to remain neutral with regard to European affairs, to avoid entangling alliances, and to refrain from the formation of political parties.
Judiciary Act of 1801
In a last-minute piece of legislation before the Congress was to be turned over to the majority Democratic-Republicans, the Federalists squeaked through the Judiciary Act of 1801, in which 16 new judgeships were created.
John Marshall,
John Marshall, a staunch Federalist, was the sitting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Twelfth Amendment
In 1804, the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution, which called for electors to the Electoral College to specify which ballot was being cast for the office of president, and which was being cast for the office of vice president.
Quids
In 1805, Randolph broke with Jefferson and created the Quids, a conservative wing of the Democratic-Republican party that wished to restrict the role of the federal government.
Tripolitan War
The U.S. Navy fought the pirates in the Mediterranean Sea for four years in what came to be called the Tripolitan War (1801-1805).
William Henry Harrison
Prior to the outbreak of the War of 1812, General William Henry Harrison sought to break up a large native confederacy that a pair of Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet, had organized in the face of an American advance westward.
Andrew Jackson
The formidable General Andrew Jackson led American troops through Alabama to New Orleans and successfully prevented the English from gaining control over the Mississippi River at the Battle of New Orleans.
Treaty of Ghent
The Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812 was signed by American envoys and British diplomats in Belgium on December 24, 1814.
Hartford Convention
During the winter of 1814-1815, a radical group of New England Federalists met at the Hartford Convention in Hartford, Connecticut to discuss ways to demand that the federal government pay them for the loss of trade due to the Embargo Act and the War of 1812.
James Tallmadge
James Tallmadge of New York proposed an amendment to Missouri's bid for statehood.
Tariff of 1816
To prevent cheap British goods from flooding the market and injuring American manufacturing, Congress passed the Tariff of 1816, which imposed a 20 percent duty on all imported goods and became the first truly "protective tariff" in American history.
Specie Circular
When domestic prices for goods and land subsequently jumped and threatened to destroy the economy, Jackson issued the Specie Circular, which required the payment for purchase of all federal lands be made in hard coin, or specie, rather than banknotes.
Tariff of 1828
The Tariff of 1828 came about in response to New England merchants who had been pushing for stronger protection from foreign competitors.
Tariff of 1832
In an attempt to appease the South, Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832, which lowered the tariff from 45 percent to 35 percent.
spoils system
Andrew Jackson was a proponent of the spoils system, in which he appointed those who supported his campaign to government positions.
Trail of Tears
By 1838, all of the Cherokees had been forcibly removed from the state of Georgia and relocated to territory in Oklahoma that had been set aside for them. Of the 15,000 people who embarked on the journey, 4,000 died, leading the Cherokee to name this tragic event the "Trail of Tears."
Charles G. Finney
Religious revivalism reached its full fever pitch in the 1820s, with the preaching of Presbyterian minister Charles G. Finney.
Dorothea Dix
Dorothea Dix was a well-known reformer who fought for the humane treatment of the nation's mentally ill population.
Declaration of Sentiments
The women at Seneca Falls drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled after the Declaration of Independence, to declare that "all men and women are created equal" and to demand suffrage for women.
William Lloyd Garrison
In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator, a newspaper dedicated to ending slavery.
Brigham Young
After Smith was murdered in Illinois, Brigham Young became the new leader of the Mormons.
Knickerbockers
The Knickerbockers of New York, including Washington Irving, developed American fiction by using domestic settings and character types for their stories.
Erie Canal
The Erie Canal, completed in 1825 with funds provided by the state of New York, linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River.
nativists
Many Americans were unhappy with the influx of immigrants, and those who fought against the rights of foreigners became known as nativists.
American Party
In 1849, a wing of the nativist movement became a political party called the American Party, or the Know-Nothing Party.
Know-Nothing Party
In 1849, a wing of the nativist movement became a political party called the American Party, or the Know-Nothing Party.
William Henry Harrison
Prior to the outbreak of the War of 1812, General William Henry Harrison sought to break up a large native confederacy that a pair of Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet, had organized in the face of an American advance westward.
James K. Polk
As the ideology of Manifest Destiny swept the nation and the election of 1844 crept closer, Democrat James K. Polk sought to capitalize on the expansionist spirit with a campaign promise to extend the U.S. border up to Russian-controlled Alaska, using the slogan "Fifty-four forty or fight!"
Zachary Taylor
In anticipation of Mexican resistance to Slidell's proposal, Polk amassed the U.S. Army, led by Zachary Taylor, along the disputed southern border of Texas at the Rio Grande River in January of 1846.
John C. Fremont
California had been declared independent as the Bear Flag Republic under the leadership of John C. Fremont, and Texas had been gained as the United States successfully overtook Mexico City.
Franklin Pierce
In 1853, President Franklin Pierce completed the Mexican cession through the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico, acquiring the Mesilla Valley in southern New Mexico and Arizona.
Gadsden Purchase
In 1853, President Franklin Pierce completed the Mexican cession through the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico, acquiring the Mesilla Valley in southern New Mexico and Arizona.
George Fitzhugh
A large movement of proslavery defenders, led by George Fitzhugh, detailed the happy lives of Southern slaves who were clothed, fed, and housed by benevolent slave owners.
Republican Party
In 1805, Randolph broke with Jefferson and created the Quids, a conservative wing of the Democratic-Republican party that wished to restrict the role of the federal government.
Henry Ward Beecher
Henry Ward Beecher and other abolitionists helped antislavery settlers move to Kansas in response to the proslavery "border ruffians" moving across the border from Missouri.
Roger Taney
Chief Justice Roger Taney argued that the Founding Fathers did not intend to give African Americans the protections of citizenship granted by the Constitution, so Scott had no right to sue in federal court.
John Brown,
John Brown, a radical abolitionist who claimed he was following orders from God, gathered his followers to raid the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia.
John Crittenden
As a final attempt at compromise, Kentucky Senator John Crittenden proposed an amendment to the Constitution to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific border, with slavery prohibited north of the line and protected south of it.
Copperheads
Speaking of the unjust nature of the war and their concern over the disruption of Western trade routes, a group of Northern Democrats referred to as the Copperheads lashed out at President Lincoln's broad use of executive power and demanded an immediate end to the war.
Battle of Fredericksburg
At the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862, Lee defeated the aggressive Union General Burnside, who was then replaced by General Joseph Hooker.
Homestead Act of 1862
The Homestead Act of 1862 granted 160 acres to any family that would agree to farm it for at least five years.
Morrill Land Grant Act
The Morrill Land Grant Act gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture and technical trades.
Freedman's Bureau
In order to help manage and assist the newly emancipated slaves, the federal government created the Freedman's Bureau in 1865.
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
The Civil Rights Bill of 1866 was designed to end the Black Codes by giving African Americans full citizenship.
Tenure of Office Act
The impeachment crisis began when congressional Republicans passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867, disallowing the president from discharging a federal appointee without the Senate's consent.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 made it a crime for any person to be denied full and equal use of public places, such as hotels, rail cars, restaurants, and theaters.
scalawags
Southern Democrats named Southern Republicans scalawags, a derogatory term that meant they were pirates who sought to steal from state governments and line their own pockets.
carpetbaggers
Northern Republicans who moved south to seek their fortunes were called carpetbaggers, a term that came from the stereotype of the Northerner who packed all of his worldly possessions in a suitcase made from carpet.
Force Acts
Congress sought to abolish the Klan with the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871, which authorized the use of federal troops to quell violence and enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
New York Central Railroad
Vanderbilt had amassed a fortune in the steamboat business and invested this fortune in the consolidation of many smaller rail lines under one company, the New York Central Railroad.
Leland Stanford
The Central Pacific Railroad, led by Leland Stanford, set out to build the most difficult stretch of rail from Sacramento, California, through the Sierra Nevada mountains and eastward.
robber barons
Men such as Jay Gould earned the nickname "robber barons" as they artificially inflated the value of their company's stock, sold the stock to the public, and pocketed the profits.
Alexander Graham Bell
The telephone, patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, also increased the speed of communication within the United States.
Bessemer process
The Bessemer process, developed by an English inventor, revolutionized steel production by making it faster and cheaper.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began when railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, who had suffered two wage cuts in the previous year, took control of the trains at the station and said that no trains would move until their pay had been restored.
scabs
Cheap replacement laborers, or scabs, were easy to hire as strikebreakers.
American Federation of Labor
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was composed mainly of skilled workers who did not agree that unions should protect all workers.
Pullman Palace Car Company
The Pullman Palace Car Company, which manufactured sleeping cars for the railroads, constructed a "model town" for its employees.
Turner's "Frontier Thesis,"
In what would become known as Turner's "Frontier Thesis," Turner argued that the American character was shaped by the existence of the frontier, as well as the way Americans interacted with and developed the frontier.
Homestead Act of 1862
The Homestead Act of 1862 granted 160 acres to any family that would agree to farm it for at least five years.
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
Kelley created the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry as a kind of fraternity of farmers and their families.
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
Kelley created the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry as a kind of fraternity of farmers and their families.
nativists
Many Americans were unhappy with the influx of immigrants, and those who fought against the rights of foreigners became known as nativists.
Carrie A. Nation
The most well-known WCTU member, Kentucky-born Carrie A. Nation, was inspired by the death of her alcoholic husband to travel across the United States, smashing bars with her trademark hatchet.
Social Darwinists
Social Darwinists, such as Yale's William Graham Sumner, argued that wealth belonged in the hands of those who were most fit to manage it.
Horatio Alger
Many lower-class Americans subscribed to the "rags-to-riches" myth propagated by the novelist Horatio Alger, whose novels, such as Ragged Dick, were intended to inspire the poor to become wealthy industrialists.
Jacob Coxey
The depression brought protesters to Washington under the leadership of Populist Jacob Coxey, whose army of jobless and homeless Americans proposed federally funded public works projects to employ those who needed work.
William Jennings Bryan
The Democrats were split over the gold and silver controversy with "Gold Bugs" like Cleveland on one side and prosilver advocates without a leader on the other. The young William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska wowed the crowd at the Democratic National Convention with his famous "Cross of Gold" speech, which made him the spokesperson for the prosilver advocates.
Elkins Act
Congress passed the Elkins Act in 1903, which gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) more power to prohibit rail companies from giving rebates and kickbacks to favored customers.
Hepburn Act
The Hepburn Act in 1906 allowed the ICC to regulate rates railroad lines could charge, ending the price gouging that had been the bane of farmers.
Mann-Elkins Act
The Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 placed the regulation of communications directly under the ICC.
Federal Reserve Act
Congress passed the monumental Federal Reserve Act in 1913, which created the Federal Reserve System.
Federal Reserve Act
Congress passed the monumental Federal Reserve Act in 1913, which created the Federal Reserve System.
Ohio Gang
Harding's cabinet, dubbed the Ohio Gang (or the Poker Cabinet), was made up of old friends from the president's home state who were knowledgeable in the areas in which they served.
Poker Cabinet
Harding's cabinet, dubbed the Ohio Gang (or the Poker Cabinet), was made up of old friends from the president's home state who were knowledgeable in the areas in which they served.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
At the end of Coolidge's term, world peace was fostered with the signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928, which made offensive wars illegal throughout the world.
Black Tuesday
The worst stock market crash in U.S. history occurred on October 29, 1929, commonly known as "Black Tuesday."
Works Progress Administration
To encourage more public works projects and the employment of nontraditional workers, such as artists, writers, and young people, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) employed Americans to build bridges, refurbish parks, write plays, and paint murals.
Social Security Act
The Social Security Act (SSA), passed in 1935, guaranteed income for retirees, the disabled, and the unemployed.
Keynesian theory
Keynesian theory proposed that instead of attempting to balance the budget and imposing new taxes on an already taxed system, the government should spend that which it did not have—in other words, resort to deficit spending.
American Federation of Labor
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was composed mainly of skilled workers who did not agree that unions should protect all workers.
Fair Labor Standards Act
During the Second New Deal, the Fair Labor Standards Act established a federal minimum wage and set the maximum hours for workers employed by interstate businesses.
American Liberty League
Claiming that the New Deal was socialism, anti-Roosevelt Democrats formed the American Liberty League to promote the concerns of big business and advocate for small government.
Indian Reorganization Act
American Indians regained self-governance with the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which replaced the Dawes Act of 1887, returning lands to the tribes and giving support to Native Americans to reestablish and preserve tribal culture.
Mother Jones
Active among the railroad workers and coal miners, female activist Mother Jones traveled the country protesting and lobbying for the rights of all workers.
Jazz Age
Often called the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, the era from 1920 to 1929 experienced a cultural explosion similar to that of the antebellum period.
Roaring Twenties
Often called the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, the era from 1920 to 1929 experienced a cultural explosion similar to that of the antebellum period.
Emergency Quota Act
The Emergency Quota Act, or Immigration Act, of 1921 set a strict limit on individuals from each nation of origin based on the 1910 census.
Immigration Act
The Emergency Quota Act, or Immigration Act, of 1921 set a strict limit on individuals from each nation of origin based on the 1910 census.
Espionage Act
Mostly aimed at German Americans and antiwar protesters, the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 limited the right to free speech.
Smith Act
The Smith Act of 1940 authorized the arrest of people advocating the U.S. government's overthrow even if they had no intention of ever doing so.
Ho Chi Minh Trail
The United States relied on air and ground forces to fight in the heavily forested jungles of Vietnam. U.S. tactics focused on destroying the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which linked the South Vietnamese Viet Cong fighters with the North Vietnamese supply lines.
Hard Hat Riot
A protest in New York City over the Kent State shootings led to a backlash by locals. In what became known as the Hard Hat Riot, about 200 construction workers clashed with approximately 1,000 student protesters.
War Powers Act
After learning of the secret bombings of Cambodia, Congress passed the War Powers Act, which severely limited the president's ability to wage war without the consent of Congress.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The monumental Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements, prohibited segregation of public schools and other public accommodations, and expanded the powers of the Civil Rights Commission established by the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
"The Ballot or the Bullet" speech
Malcolm X summarized his beliefs with the famous "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech, in which he stated that whites would either allow African Americans freedom now or face an armed revolution later.
beatniks
The beatniks, led by alternative writers such as author Jack Kerouac and poet Allen Ginsberg, encouraged individuality in an age of conformity.
Warren Commission
The Warren Commission, headed by Chief Justice Warren, concluded that Oswald had acted alone in killing the president.
Great Society
LBJ espoused a program he called the Great Society, which aimed to expand civil rights and declared a "War on Poverty."
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)
In the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I), signed by the United States and the USSR in May 1972, each nation agreed to reduce the number of nuclear missiles in its arsenal in exchange for the United States' supplying the Soviets with much-needed grain over the next three years.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) initiated an embargo of oil exports to the United States as punishment for its involvement in the Yom Kippur War.
Camp David Accords
The Camp David Accords served as the first step toward peace in the Middle East since the turmoil that had followed the founding of the state of Israel in 1948.
Reagan Revolution
The "Reagan Revolution" ushered in a new era of conservative policy-making, a sharp change from the New Deal coalition that had set the tone of government strategy since the 1930s.
Operation Desert Storm
Also known as Operation Desert Storm, the Gulf War saw a large American-led multinational coalition expel Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait.
Contract with America
During the 1994 midterm elections, Republicans unveiled their Contract with America, which promised to balance the federal budget while still supporting massive military expenditures.
Al-Qaeda,
Al-Qaeda, led by Osama Bin Laden, a Saudi national, had established a military training camp in Afghanistan to prepare members to attack Western targets.
Osama Bin Laden
Al-Qaeda, led by Osama Bin Laden, a Saudi national, had established a military training camp in Afghanistan to prepare members to attack Western targets.
Three Mile Island
Nuclear energy seemed to be a viable alternative power source until 1979, when the plant at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania sent a cloud of radioactive gas into the air.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
President Clinton promoted economic globalization with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a treaty with Canada and Mexico that allowed the free flow of goods, services, and jobs in North America.
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) supplied billions in loans to faltering nations.
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