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Layers final

Terms in this set (119)

Objective of replacement pullet feeding programs
produce quality pullets capable of meeting egg production during laying cycle
Growing strategy 1&2
attain the correct weight for that particular strain
attain the ideal weight gain at an age that is optimal for for light stimulation for sexual maturity
the age of sexual maturity has been steadily decreasing
true
the best producing pullets need to be at or above their target weight at?
18 weeks
energy intake appears to play a slightly more important role than protein intake with regard to?
influencing body weight
research has shown that early skeletal development and growht of the pullet is heavily dependent on?
protein and amino acid intake
up to 7-9 weeks of age, body weight and frame development will respond to?
increased levels of dietary protein
in the latter half of the pullet period, dietary energy levels become relatively more important than dietary protein for the attaintment of body weight
true
recommended that diets contain ___% fiber
3
dietary fiber is important for?
development of gut capacity and rapid inrease in feed comsumption at maturity
objective of layer feeding program
provide nutrients in appropriate amounts on a daily basis at an economically feasible ration
24-48 hours prior to and just after ovipositioin of the first egg pullets greatly increase their?
feed intake
after 26-28 weeks of age, layers should be fed on the basis of?
rate of production
level of production
egg size goals
later phases usually provide less protein and amino acid levels as egg production___ and feed intake ____
decrease
increases
it is not recommended to reduce protein or amino acid levels until after ____ unless _____
peak egg mass has been achieved
control of egg size is necessary
factors that affect nutrient requirements and feed consumption of laying hens
age
disease
stress
housing
house temp
feed availabilty
egg mass
rate of production
body weight
feather cover
breed/strain
energy float programs
adjust energy level to accomplish objective
nutrient float program
adjust non-energy nutrient to accomplish objective
the ME/P ratio should be around
165
in hot climates the ME/P ratio should be reduced about
10%
energy requirement directly related to?
maintenance requirement, as infuenced by body weight, environmental temperature, and feather cover, egg mass production
Kcal ME=
W[F(170-2.2T)] +2E+5#W
prediction of feed intake
Kcal ME/Kcal/kg * 1000
after peak production and attainment of body weight, ____ is the factor that limits or controls ______
energy intake
feed intake
knowing feed comsumption allows adjustment of ration to meet_____
nutrient needs
meeting nutrient requirements becomes a matter of matching the _____ of the feed to the _____
nutrient density
intake of bird
nutrient concentratrion is adjusted to the ____ to assure daily intake or required quantity of nutrients
birds consumption
predicting protein
requirement(g/hen/day)/feed intake(g/hen/day)*100
bone calcium is mostly in the form of?
calcium phosphate
eggshell is composed primarily of _____ the rest is ______ and _______
97-98% calcium carbonate
magnesium carbonate
tricalcium phosphate
sources of complexed calcium used for eggshell formation
dietary
medullary bone
cortical bone
the form of dietary calcium is an important factor in?
absorption of calcium
estimated that active laying hens have about_____ mg of medullary calcium
740
1,25-(OH)2 D3 has 3 effects
activation of calbindin in intestine
activiation of osteoclast
enhancement of calcium resorption by kidney
low levels of _____ lead to loss of bone mass
estrogen
once egg production starts, estrogen is to?
limit the activity of osteoblasts
high estrogen during lay stops
cortical bone formation
high estrogen during lay increases
medullary bone formation
blood pH is controlled by the?
bicarbonate buffer system
3 minerals that increase acid load
chloride, phosphorus, sulfate
high chloride levels reduce ____ and ___
shell strength and thickness
excess loss of CO2 can lead to respiratory alkalosis(high blood pH), which will reduce formation of ______, causing _____
carbonate
poor shell quality
diversion of blood flow away from the internal organs reduces the rate of digestion, thus decreasing metabolic heat produciton
true
reduced feed intake and blood flow to internal organs can lead to a significant reduction in?
nutrient intake
increasing the energy level of the diet to compensate for decreased feed intake by?
fats or oils, and limit the use of fiber material if possible
reduce crude protein content while maintaining daily intake levels of critical amino acids by adding?
synthetic amino acids (met, lys,thr)
increasing crude protein intake will only ___ to the heat load of the hen
add
if shell quality is a problem, consider the use of _______in the feed
sodium bicarbonate
typical diet ingredients for layer and pullet feed
carbohydrate
crude protein
fat/oil
calium
phosphate
NaCl
vitamin/mineral pre-mix
synthetic amino acid
enzymes
possible medications
bacitracin MD
bacitracin Zinc
problems with corn
mold growth and mycotoxin contamination
problems with canola meal
contains significant quantities of sinapine
sinapine causes?
brown egg birds to produce eggs with a fishy odor
problems with cotton seed meal
contains the compound gossypol
gossypol can cause...
green/black discoloration in the yolk depending on levels and length of egg storage
problems with fish meal and oils
can potentially cause a fishy taint of eggs
what enzyme improves the utilization of phytate phosphorus in plant material?
phytase
yolk color is the result of _______ called ________
carotenoid pigments
xanthophylls
most layer feeds will contain ___-____ grams of xanthophylls per ton
7-9
high levels of ____ can enhance yolk color
vitamin E
vitamin E is a ____ and can help prevent the ____ of pigment compounds
antioxidant
oxidation
hens also transfer pigments accumulated in skin, shanks, and beak (before lay) to the egg yolk resulting in the_____?
"bleaching" effect
amino acid levels influence composition of _____?
albumen
increased levels of ______ raise solids content of both albumen and yolk
methionine
increased levels of ______ raise solid contents of albumen only
lysine
research indicates that increasing levels of dietary ______ may improve albumen% solids and protein levels
threonine
water should be supplied to laying hens at?
all times
restriction of water intake will usually result in?
reduction of feed intake
layer manure is typically _______% water by weight
75-80%
water consumption ____ as birds age
decreases
at 80 F water consumption ranges from 82 gal/1000 hens/day at 28 weeks of age to 67 gal/1000 hens/day at 70 weeks of age
true
water consumption is directly related to?
egg production
at 90% production water consumption averages _________, but at 30% production it is ______
63 gal/1000/day
42 gal/1000/day
water consumption _____ as environmental temperature rises
increases
high salinity (NaCl) has been reported to cause a 10% reduction in _______ and ______ the incidence of total shell defects
shell thickness
increase
what results in an excessive accumulation of liver fat often resulting in decreased egg production as well as liver hemorrhage leading to death
fatty liver syndrome
addition of a so-called _____ in the diet is often recommended to alleviate fatty liver syndrome
lipotrophic factors
adding various antioxidants such as extra vitamin E to the diet has been suggested to reduce_____ and ____?
liver hemorrhaging
bird death
what is a syndrome most commonly associated with hens held in cages and seems to be triggered by high egg output?
Cage layer fatigue (CLF)
CLF is due to an inadequate supply of ______for shell formation, and the birds body over utilized the ________ reserves
calcium
bone calcium
calcium level in the ____ period is often considered critical in preventative measures for CLF
pre-lay
what is one of the most potent carcinogen known, produced by aspergillus flavus, has detrimental effects on liver function, also corn and milo are its most common host grains
aflatoxin (aflatoxin B1 is the most common form)
what mycotoxin ties up vitamin D3 causing skeletal and egg shell problems and periodically occurs in corn
zearelenone
what is produced by fusarium species of mold, and affects protein metabolism?
tricothecenes
there are 3 mycotoxins in the tricothecenes group what are they
T2- toxic
DAS-toxic
DON-not harmful
what mycotoxin has adverse effects on protein synthesis and kidney function
ochratoxin
egg size is important due to economics
true
consumer preference requires that ___ and ___ eggs be the majority of production
large
extra large
management of egg size requires knowledge of?
flock age, production trends, seasonal influences, and market demands
does the position of egg in sequence influence egg size?
yes
first egg in sequence is usually the ____, with a progressive _____ in the weight of the eggs succeeding
heaviest
decrease
decrease is almost entirely the result of a decrease in _____, since yolk size seems to be nearly constant
albumen
factors that influence egg size:
position of egg in sequence, genetics, physiological factors, age, environment, nutrition,
genetics can influence
rate of egg production, egg size, duration of egg production
the more mature and developed the bird is prior to lay the ____ the eggs will be
larger
older birds produce_____ eggs
larger
hot temps=less intake=______?
cool temps=more intake=_____?
smaller eggs
larger eggs
increased _____ generally increases egg size through out the life of the bird
protein
increasing methionine increases egg size
true
_____ acid increases egg size mostly in the early production
linoleic acid
egg size restrictors
omega-3 fatty acids
restriction of dietary energy
feed restriction
what type of breakage occurs when an egg collides with an object and characterized by "star" at point of impact
impact fractures
what type of breakage occurs when an egg is compressed until shell cracks, and is generally associated with packaging
compression fracture
what quantifies egg shell quality
shell quality vs shell strength
egg shell quality generally refers to ______
shell thickness
shell thickness is highly correlated to _____
shell strength
specific gravity=
weight of object/ weight of equal volume of H2O
2 methods to measure SG
Flotation in saline solution
archimedes principle
flotation in saline solution
make salt solutions of increasing SG
place egg in solution, when floats=SG
archimedes principle
egg first weighed in air
put in water and reweighed
SG= egg wt in air/(egg wt in air-egg wt in water)
advantages of SG measures
nondestrucive
inexpensive
can be done rapidly
Disadvantage of SG measures
not a direct measure of the shells ability to resist breaking
shell thickness is measured
directly with micrometer
shell weight or percentage surface area?
larger eggs usually have less shell
what measures the amount of deformation(bend) a shell can withstand without breaking
nondestructive deformation test
what are some direct measurements of shell strength
breaking strength
piercing strength
compression fracture test
impact fracture test
disadvantages of direct strength measurements
destructive
only one region of egg can be tested
expensive equipment
time consuming
factors influencing egg shell formation and quality
time in uterus
position in sequence
time of ovipositon
rate of shell deposition
uterine development
aging
genetics
molting
lighting program
environmental effects
protein and amino acid
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