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EPI Final

Terms in this set (24)

Active immunity
-Memory is developed from prior experience with the antigen or immunization by attenuated (half dead) viruses
-Body develops a mild case of the disease
-Body produces antibodies (mild case)
-Antibodies developed in the future through memory
-Body is capable of producing it's own antibodies
General inflammatory response
Tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, etc. Damaged cells release chemicals, chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues > swelling
Chlamydia: Method of transmission
Means of prevention-
Signs or symptoms-
Short and long term complications if not treated-
Distribution in the U.S. population by age, gender, ethnicity and SES-
-Direct contact with an infected person
-Limiting partners, condoms, abstinence, knowing history of partner, communication
-Men: Painful urination, watery discharge, pain around testicles
Women: Often asymptomatic, discharge, lower abdominal pain
-Lead to PID, infertility
-Highest rates among 18-24 women in poor southern states
Gonorrhea: Method of transmission
Means of prevention-
Signs or symptoms-
Short and long term complications if not treated-
Distribution in the U.S. population by age, gender, ethnicity and SES-
-Spread via direct contact with an infected person
-Limiting partners, condoms, abstinence, knowing history of partner, communication
-Men: discharge is less watery and yellowish or green in color
Women: Likely asymptomatic, symptoms occur at point of infection oral, anal, genital
-Highest incidence rate 15-24 year olds in poor southern states
Syphilis: Method of transmission
Means of prevention-
Signs or symptoms-
Short and long term complications if not treated-
Distribution in the U.S. population by age, gender, ethnicity and SES-
-Spread by direct contact with infected area
-Condoms, abstinence, knowing history of partner, communication
-Primary, secondary, latent, tertiary stage have sores, chancre, painless lesion occurs at site of contact
-Can lead to death and damage to internal organs in tertiary stage
-Mainly southern states, men, 25-29
HIV: Method of transmission
Means of prevention-
Signs or symptoms-
Short and long term complications if not treated-
Distribution in the U.S. population by age, gender, ethnicity and SES-
-Oral, anal, vaginal, injection of needles
-Rapid weight loss, recurring fever, diarrhea that lasts for more than 1 week
-Lead to AIDS, Wasting syndrome, neurological complications, death, decreased immunity
-41% of AIDS in persons 13-24 women, 80% women of color, 20-24 in southern states, African Americans more likely
Be able to discuss how one might be reasonably sure that a potential sexual partner is not HIV positive?
Getting tested together often, honest communication
Why women are less likely to have symptoms for various STDs than men?
Women have greater likelihood of confusing symptom with something else (natural discharge or odor), sores are easier to see for men, female anatomy is more internal
List the general functions of T cells
T-cells: Travel to site and combine w/ antigen to kill by chemicals, recognize more limited number of antigens, recognize self vs. non-self (markers), have a memory and circulate.
List the general functions of B cells
Ability to recognize enormous variety of specific antigens, product antibodies that kill or attempt to kill antigens, most bacteria some viruses, reside in lymphoid tissue, have greater memory than T cells, memory is developed from prior experience with the antigen or from immunization
How is memory about antigens is developed?
From prior experience with the antigen or from immunization by attenuated (half dead) viruses, body develops a mild case of the disease, body produces antibodies (mild case), antibodies developed in the future through memory, body is capable of producing it's own antibodies
Condition of arthritis, describe two types of arthritis and the causes or suspected causes of each
-Highest causes of physical disability in U.S.
-Rheumatoid Arthritis, cause is not known but autoimmunity is suspected, familial trait, may be a group of diseases with own causes
-Osteoarthritis, cause is age and overuse (tennis elbow), joint trauma, repetitive use, obesity
Complications of diabetes
-Micro angiopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, macropathy, blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, infections, problems with pregnancy and surgery, coma
The processes that might lead to hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, the symptoms, and what causes the symptoms
Hyperglycemia- Obesity, infection too much sugar in blood due to lack of insulin, unresponsive or unconscious, rapid pulse, warm dry skin
Hypoglycemia- Too little sugar in blood, have not eaten, appear to be drunk, headache, rapid and weak pulse, pale and cool skin, give sugar in a quick form
Be able to compare the infant mortality rates in the U.S. with those in the rest of the industrialized world. Be able to compare infant mortality rates in the U.S. among socio-economic groups
-Ours is a lot higher when compared to Japan, Sweden, Spain
-Black not Hispanic highest infant deaths, higher in the east, and southeast U.S.
Be able to discuss the factors associated with increased risks for infant mortality
Smoking while pregnant, low birth weight, congenital abnormalities, SIDS, multiple births, side sleeping, soft sleep surfaces, loose bedding, overheating, bed sharing
Be able to discuss the distribution of suicide and suicide attempts in the U.S. in relation to age, gender, ethnicity, and methods
Mostly white male, 85 and older, highest in western and rocky mountain states, most common method involves firearms, next were hanging and poisoning, making firearms less easily accessible to a suicidal person can drastically reduce their chance of them taking their own life
Be able to identify the two options for persons who have been diagnosed with End Stage Renal Disease
(Kidney failure) requiring dialysis or transplant
Be able to identify groups that are at greater risk for End Stage Renal Disease
Those with diabetes and HBP, 60+, African Americans and Hispanics, Family history, obesity and metabolic syndrome
Be able to identify groups that are at greater risk for Hepatitis C
Age 40-49, men highest, African Americans highest, homeless, veterans of foreign wars, incarcerated
Be able to identify groups that are at greater risk for Chronic Liver Disease
Persons with alcoholism, poor and less advantages, minorities, immigrants, IV drug users
Be able to identify groups that are at greater risk for Hepatitis A
Injection drug users, sex partners of those with Hep. A, men who have sex with men, contact with blood, transfusions, travel, dialysis
Be able to identify groups that are at greater risk for Hepatitis B
Exposure to blood and body fluids, Injection drug users, sex partners of those with Hep. B, men who have sex with men, contact with blood, transfusions, travel, dialysis
Be able to identify 3 serious problems that may occur with our immune system
-Primary Immune Deficiency Syndrome- immune system defective since birth
-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome- problems with immune system develop after birth
-Auto Immunity- T-cells fail to recognize self as self and the bodies immune system begin to attack the body
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