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Food labels provide different types of nutrition information. They are required to have a [1], which provides information about the amounts of specific nutrients in a standard serving and [2], which provides information of products in order of their prominence by weight. Food labels may contain [3], which are descriptors with standard definitions established by the FDA or [4], which refer to relationships between nutrients or food components and a disease or health condition that has been reviewed by the FDA.Food labels provide different types of nutrition information. They are required to have a Correct Nutrtion Facts panel, which provides information about the amounts of specific nutrients in a standard serving and Correct ingredient list, which provides information of products in order of their prominence by weight. Food labels may contain Correct nutrient content claims, which are descriptors with standard definitions established by the FDA or Correct health claims, which refer to relationships between nutrients or food components and a disease or health condition that has been reviewed by the FDA.If a food label indicates the food has 20% Daily Value for fat, this would indicate...if you eat one serving of the food you will have eaten 20% of the total amount of fat you should eat each day.Howard has kept track of his diet for the past week. He wants to know if his average vitamin C intake is adequate to prevent a deficiency.Recommended Dietary AllowanceSharon loves milk and drinks more than the typically person. She is concerned she is getting too much calcium.Tolerable Upper LimitJamal wants to know if his current sodium intake is increasing his risk for hypertension (high blood pressure.)Dietary GuidelinesTamara is trying to decide which two cereal provides the best nutritional value.Daily ValuesAccording to the video The Universe Within, the speed skater Bonnie Blair used which of the following for her major energy source?Glucose from a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.The end product of carbohydrate digestion is...monosaccharidesBile is produced by the ________ and stored in the ________ until it is released into the small intestine.liver; gall bladderWhich of the following helps regulate the pH of the small intestines?secretinWhat is the function of mucus in the stomach?Protects stomach cells from gastric juicesThe chemical digestion of protein starts in the [1] where the [2] causes the molecule to be [3], or unfolded. In the [4], the proteins are broken down to [5] and absorbed into the bloodstream.The chemical digestion of protein starts in the Correct stomach where the Correct hydrochloric acid causes the molecule to be Correct denatured, or unfolded. In the Correct small intestines, the proteins are broken down to Correct amino acids and absorbed into the bloodstream.Common gastrointestinal tract (GI) system problems include: [1] which occurs when the acidic content of the stomach leaks back into the esophagus; [2] which occurs when clumps of solid material accumulate in the bile duct; [3] which occurs when the mucous barrier of the stomach or small intestine breaksdown allowing damage to GI lining; and [4] which occurs when material moves too quickly through the colon for sufficient fluid absorption.Common gastrointestinal tract (GI) system problems include: Correct GERD which occurs when the acidic content of the stomach leaks back into the esophagus; Correct gallstones which occurs when clumps of solid material accumulate in the bile duct; Correct peptic ulcers which occurs when the mucous barrier of the stomach or small intestine breaksdown allowing damage to GI lining; and Correct diarrhea which occurs when material moves too quickly through the colon for sufficient fluid absorption.Accessory organs for the digestion of food include [1] which secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines, [2] which stores and secretes bile, and [3] which is the first organ to receive blood from the GI tract.Accessory organs for the digestion of food include Correct pancreas which secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines, Correct gallbladder which stores and secretes bile, and Correct liver which is the first organ to receive blood from the GI tract.Which of the following is not a typical component of stool (feces)?StarchThe rhythmic contractions that move ingested food along the GI tract are called...peristalisisImmediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat soluble vitamins and large fats?lymphaticWhich of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?Control the passage of food through the GI tractThe slow movement of food stuff through this portion of the digestive tract favors the growth of microflora.large intestineWhich group consists only of nutrients that are classified as energy-yielding nutrients?carbohydrates, lipids, and proteinsWhich of the following classes of nutrients requires no digestion before absorption can occur?VitaminsSally consumes 1800 calories and 60 grams of fat per day. What percent of her calories is from fat?~30%The physical design of the small intestine with its folds of villi and microvilli causes:an increase in surface area to aid absorption of nutrientsWhich of the following would be considered a significant source of naturally occurring sugar?milkWhich of these could be absorbed into the body?monosaccharidesAmericans currently meet the minimum Dietary Guideline recommendations for whole grain consumption.FalseWhat is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?small intestineWhich of the following is an example of an unrefined food?oatmealGlycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues?Muscle and liverWhich is NOT a property of fiber?it elevates blood glucose levelsWhich of the following statements about sugar is true?Sugar is cariogenic, meaning it contributes to the development of dental caries (cavities)When the amount of glucose exceeds the amount needed for energy, it may be...converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and musclesWhat is the primary function of glucagon?Raise blood glucose levelsWhich of the following statements describes the glycemic index of foods?A way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucoseYou have just finished a light breakfast of toast and jelly. Which of the following series of events proceeds upon digestion/absorption of the meal until it is near time for lunch?Blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin, glucose is taken up by the cells through the action of insulin, blood glucose levels decline, the pancreas releases glucagon, glucagon stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood, blood glucose risesWhich of the following has clear scientific evidence that it is caused by regular ingestion of added sugar?dental cavitiesWhich of the following is a feature of diabetes?The vast majority of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetesAdded SugarCokeNaturally occurring sugarappleDissaccharideMilkComplex CarbohydratePotatoType 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with...insulin resistanceWhich of the following is a feature of polyunsaturated fats?Liquid at room teperatureAccording to Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?35%Fat is an essential nutrient.TrueAbout 95% of lipids in food and the human body are:triglyceridesSalad dressings are made from various types of vegetable oils. Based upon this information, which of the following would be true?Salad dressings are likely high in unsaturated fatty acids.What is composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol?triglycerideSelect the food item from the following that does NOT contain cholesterol.Peanut ButterWhich of the following is true regarding hydrogenated oils?They provide kcalories to the body.Significant amounts of hydrogenated fats would be found in canola oil.FalseWhen considering the quality of a fat, which of the following would be true.When the quality of fat increases, the number of calories per gram remains the same.Particles that are formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile.micellesWhich of the following would be found in our body, but not our food?lipoproteins, such as LDLWhich of the following is true regarding cardiovascular disease and strategies for reducing your risk of developing it?Dietary intake of fat is one of several factors influencing one's risk for developing cardiovascular disease.HDLs....return cholesterol from body cells to the liver.A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of ...high density of lipoproteinsWhich of the following is TRUE regarding the development of atherosclerosis?Blood platelets tend to clump together and add to the buildup of plaque in artery walls.Corn oilPolyunsaturated fatty acid (cis formation)SteakSaturated fatty acidShorteningTrans fatty acidOlive oilMonounsaturated fatty acidCoconut oilSaturated fatty acidSunflower seedsPolyunsaturated fatty acid (cis formation)CheeseSaturated fatty acidCanola oilMonounsaturated fatty acidFood and body proteins contain [1] amino acids. Of these amino acids, [2] are considered essential and must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make them.Food and body proteins contain Correct 20 amino acids. Of these amino acids, Correct 9 are considered essential and must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make them.Cooking a protein lowers the quality of the protein.FalseAfter you cook an egg, which of the following will happen to the egg's protein?the three diminsional shape of the protein will be lostBody proteincontains nitrogenfatty aciddoesn't contain nitrogennon-essential amino acdicontains nitrogenglucosedoes not contain nitrogenessential amino acidcontains nitrogenWhich of the following is NOT a general function of body proteins?Insulate the body to preserve heatJames weighs 100 kg. According to the RDA, James needs ______ grams of protein each day.80If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid:protein synthesis will be limited.Which of the following may be used to determine the quantity of protein an individual needs?nitrogen balancemilk, skimcomplete (high quality) proteinwheatincomplete (low quality) proteinpeanut butterincomplete (low quality) proteinmilk, wholecomplete (high quality) proteinporkcomplete (high quality) proteinWhat is the usual state of nitrogen balance for healthy infants, children, and pregnant women?PositiveMark's protein need is about 55 grams per day, and his energy need is about 2,500 kcalories per day. He has been meeting his needs for kcalories and protein, but decides to increase his protein intake to 120 grams per day. He makes no other changes to his diet. The most likely effect of this increase in protein is...increase in body fatAfter digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected toremoval of its amino groupWhich of the following describes a process in protein synthesis?A copy of the code for protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA to the site of protein production.Alberta is a 20 year old who has been a vegetarian for 3 years. She comes to you for advice after reading some material online by the Meat Promoters of America organization. One of their statements is: ". . . vegetarians are at risk for protein deficiency because they cannot consume all of the essential amino acids necessary for healthy individuals." How should Alberta be advised?Although many foods don't provide all the essential amino acids individually, she could consume complementary proteins throughout the day, which would provide all the essential amino acids she needs.Illness or diseasecondition favoring negative nitrogen balanceUreaa product of amino acid breakdownDenaturationa result of protein exposed to severe heatPregnancycondition favoring positive nitrogen balanceWhich of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions within cells?metabolismAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) is defined as ....a high energy molecule used by cells to power activities that require energy.Which of the following is true regarding energy production and control in the body?The energy from food the body uses is in the carbon-hydrogen bonds of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.Glycolysis is the conversion ofglucose to pyruvateWhich of the following would be a source of energy during anaerobic metabolism?glucoseWhich of the following is converted to pyruvate before it is converted to acetyl CoA?Glucogenic amino acidsWhat are the end products from the metabolism of energy yielding nutrients?water, carbon dioxide, and energy at ATPWhat of the following is the outcome of the nitrogen portion of proteins when the protein is metabolized for energy?It is converted to urea and excreted via the urineThe effects on metabolism from starvation are similar to those from...All of the aboveCan fatty acids from fat in food or body adipose (fat) tissue be converted to glucose when blood glucose is very low?NoWhen energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?Fat, carbohydrate, and proteinMatt wants to have a body with less than 10% bodyfat. He has approached you for dietary advice on how to achieve this goal by manipulating his diet. Which of the following is true?Tell Matt that the amount of fat on the body is not directly related to the amount of macronutrients in the diet.After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body?GlycogenWhich of the following is true regarding the body's energy source when someone is fasting?Body protein will be broken down for energy when someone is fasting.Put the following steps in the correct order for the metabolic breakdown of protein for energy.1. Protein broken down to amino acids
2. Deamination
3. TCA cycle
4. Electron Transport ChainA provitamin is a:a chemical substance the body can convert to an active form of a vitamin.Which of the following general characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins is FALSE?they are not easily excreted when consumed in excessive amounts.Which of the following vitamins is involved substantially in energy metabolism reactions?RiboflavinWhile researching your southern family history, you find that your grandmother had a sister who died fairly young. The symptoms leading up to her death included diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia. Because the family led a poor, corn-farming existence, you suspect this relative died of...PellagraThe absorption of which of the following vitamins is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis with leads to low levels of acid in the stomach?Vitamin B12Which of the following vitamins is known to deactivate histamine, a substance that causes nasal congestion?Vitamin CWhat term identifies the characteristic tingling sensations and reddening of the skin after ingesting a pharmacologic dose of nicotinic acid?Niacin flushWhat vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?Vitamin CJohn is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin C. However, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you recommend?Tomatoes, broccoli, strawberriesWhat is the function of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption?It attaches to B12 to form a complex that allows absorption from the small intestines.Vitamin ___ is important for amino acid synthesis and protein metabolism.B6Which statement is false?Folate is only found in animal productsWhen the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used to synthesize niacin?TryptophanA deficiency of which nutrient appears to be related to an increased risk of neural tube defects in the newborn, such as spina bifida?folateWhich of the following represents the results of well-controlled studies of vitamin C supplementation on the resistance to, and recovery from, colds?There is a significant reduction in the duration of a cold.Which of the following is associated with the condition known as xerosis?Deficiency of vitamin ASupplements of which of the following nutrients may be needed by older adults?Vitamin B12, vitamin D, and calciumTo improve vitamin A status in Guatemala, the fortified sugar with it.TrueWhich of the following is true regarding vitamin D's impact on one of its three target tissues?Vitamin D activates bones to take more calcium out of the blood into the bones, when blood calcium levels are low and Vitamin D causes the small intestines to increase the rate of absorption of dietary calcium.Elderly are often at risk for deficiency of this vitamin due to limited sunlight exposure and restricted intake of milk.Vitamin DFat-soluble vitamins are...absorbed into the body with the help of bile_____________ is the major symptom of Vitamin K deficiency.abnormal blood coagulationVitamin A toxicity is likely to occur from:consuming high doses of retinal vitamin A supplements.Which of the following is characteristic of vitamin E?Vegetable oils and foods rich in polyunsaturatef fats are a good source of vitamin EVitamin K's chief function is to help the body with ...blood clottingWhat is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?OsteomalaciaCanola Oilvitamin EMilk, lowfatVitamin A and DPumpkin breadVitamin A onlyCabbageVitamin KWheat BreadThiaminSliced beefVitamin B12Tomato slicesVitamin CMilkRiboflavinWhich of the following is a characteristic of minerals, but NOT vitamins?has a variable rate of absorptionA deficiency of a trace mineral is just as damaging to your health as a deficiency of a major mineral.TrueBone density...peaks at about 20 years of ageLisa is a 30 year who old does not like milk or milk products. Which of the following is likely true?Lisa has a low intake of calciumWhich of the following is true regarding the functioning of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?Osteoclasts are cells responsible for the breakdown of bone.Since the body regulates the absorption of calcium, there is no risk from over consuming it.FalseWhich of the following is true regarding sodium intake in the average American's diet?Sodium is found naturally in foods, but most sodium in the average American's diet comes from processed foods.Which of the following is likely the highest in potassium?Sweet potatoWhich of the following is true regarding fluid regulation in the body?Thirst is signaled when brain receptors are triggered with a decrease in blood volume.Which of the following compartments holds the most water in the body?intracellularWhich of the following is a feature of water?Is an end product of energy metabolismWhich of the following is TRUE about hypertension?Hypertension is more common in African Americans than non-Hispanic whitesIn general, minerals in plant foods have an absorption rate that is ________ that in animal foods.lower thanHeme-iron has a higher rate of absorption than does non-heme iron.TrueWhich of the following has been shown to increase the bioavailability of non-heme iron when consumed at the same time?Vitamin CIron deficiency anemia is...assessed by hematocrit or blood hemoglobinWhy is iron toxicity a concern for young children in the United States?There is concern of acute excess iron intake from children overdosing on dietary supplements.Iodization of salt has been successful in reducing the incidence of:goiterA simple goiter may be caused:when the thyroid gland enlarges in an effort to compensate for a lack of iodine essential for the synthesis of thyroxin.Maintain oxygen carrying capacityIronCollagen formationVitamin CMaintain fluid balanceSodiumNeeded for vision and to maintain cells that like the body surface (epithelial)Vitamin AThe ratio of a person's body weight to height is represented as his or her...body mass indexWilliam has a BMI of 26.5 kg/m2. He would therefore be classified as:overweightMatt decides to lose weight by going on a very low kcalories diet. He plans to drop his kcalorie intake by 50%. Which of the following is likely to occur in response to this drop in kcalories?Matt basal metabolic rate will drop and decrease his energy expended.What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 75g. of carbohydrates, 20 g of protein, and 30 g of fat?650Jamal consumes 2500 kcalories which includes about 420 grams of carbohydrate per day. What percent of his kcalories is from carbohydrate?~66%The thermic effect of foods is highest for which of the following?100 kcalories of tuna (protein)Based on our current understanding, which is the following best describes what happens to fat cells when we gain body fat?Fat cells generally increase in number in childhood and increase size in adulthoodWhich of the following should Sam do, if he wanted to increase the amount of energy he expended as part of his basal metabolism?Start a workout program to build lean body massHow many kcals do you have to remove from your diet each DAY (and/or expend extra kcals through more exercise) to lose about 2 pound of bodyfat per WEEK?1000Which of the following is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?It is associated with increased risk for heart disease and diabetes.There is approximately 3500 kcalories in one pound of body fat.TrueWhich of the following is true regarding the incidence of obesity in the United States and the world?Researchers believe that the recent increase in the incidence in obesity in United States and the world is primarily due to changes in environment factors, such as cost of food and activity levels.Among the following groups, which has the highest basal metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight?Young malesWhich of the following describes an association between various methods energy measurement and the actual amount of energy available to the body from foods?The physiological fuel value of a food is almost always lower than the energy value of that food as determined by bomb calorimetry.All of the following are true about anorexia nervosa EXCEPT...It is easily treated in a relatively short amount of timeWhich of the following defines the body's set point?Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weightWhich of the following is a feature of leptin?It is a hormone produced by body fat that promotes less food intake.The body's total daily energy expenditure includes:basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effect of physical activity.Which of the following has been shown to be most effective in reducing hunger and maintaining satiety?proteinAccording to the Nova video titled Obesity, 70-80% of one's weight is predetermined by:geneticsEvidence that there may be a genetic factor influencing obesity is suggested by:identical twins have similar body weightsWhat is the best approach to weight loss?Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditureHealth benefits from weight loss...are seen with small amounts (e.g. 10 pounds) of fat lossWhen a diet leads to a quick weight loss (5-10 lb in one week), the weight primary comes from which part of the body?fluid (water)Jason has a goal try to eat fewer total kcalories but really does not want to be hungry between meals. Which of the following would you recommend?consume some protein at each mealAlli, an over-the-counter drug, treats obesity by...blocking the digestion of fatWhen energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?fat, carbohydrate, and proteinWhich of the following is true regarding the behavioral characteristics of "successful losers," (i.e. individuals who have lost at least 30 pounds and kept if off for at least one year)?Most "successful losers" found they needed to maintain a high level of activity (1 hour or more a day) to keep the weight off.Which of the following is an advantageous physiologic change that occurs in response to an increase in the number of red blood cells with increased aerobic fitness?It allows greater oxygen to be transported to tissues.Which of the following statements regarding ATP production is FALSE?Most ATP are produced by anaerobic metabolism.Improving muscle conditioning improves...both strength and enduranceMaximum heart rate ______ with age.DecreasesPhysical performance is improved by consuming a very low fat diet (less than 10% of calories) for endurance athletes (marathon runners).FalseMajor differences between the nutritional needs of a serious athlete and a casual exerciser are the amount of _____ and _______ needed in the diet.total energy and fluidsAerobic metabolism can use fat and carbohydrate, but not protein, to generate energy.lower, higherWhich of the following is a benefit of sports drinks as compared with common sugar-containing drinks, such as soda pop?The level of carbohydrate concentration and sodium content enhances glucose absorption from the GI tract.Which of the following is a feature of creatine supplementation in athletes?It may enhance performance of weight lifters and sprintersWhich of the following correctly identifies the changing needs of an athlete's diet with the correct reason for the change?Marathon runners need to increase their carbohydrate intake to maintain glycogen stores.To improve [1] fitness, it is recommended to raise your heart rate to 60-69% of [2], 5 to 7 days a week for 30 to 60 minutes each time. This is considered your [3].To improve cardiorespiratory fitness, it is recommended to raise your heart rate to 60-69% of maximum heart rate, 5 to 7 days a week for 30 to 60 minutes each time. This is considered your aerobic zone.Hyponatremia is a concern of marathon runners which can be caused byDrinking too much water during a marathonAn individual can be considered metabolically fit, even with a BMI in the overweight or obese category.TrueWhich of the following is generally NOT associated with a regular program of physical fitness?Reduced bone densityWhich of the following, does an endurance athlete need to focus on restoring prior to the next workout?Glycogen stored in the muscle and liverLess than an hour before exercisedrink to thirstDuring exerciseKeep fluid loss to less than 2% of body weightAfter exercise, with another intense exercise event the same day.5-6 cups of fluid/kg body weight lossAfter exercise, with another intense exercise event in two daysdrink to thirst
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